{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "cobalt",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "cobalt-alloys",
  "name": "Cobalt",
  "abbreviation": "Co",
  "role": "magnet, superalloy and battery metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "heavy-metals",
  "summary": "Cobalt is the element Co (atomic number 27), a hard, ferromagnetic transition metal. The unalloyed metal has a density of 8.90 g/cm3 at 20 °C, a melting point of 1495 °C and a Curie temperature of 1115 °C. Goodfellow gives its thermal conductivity as 100 W/(m·K). Most cobalt is used as an alloy element or in compounds: lithium-ion cathodes, cobalt-base superalloys for aircraft gas turbines, and samarium-cobalt magnets. Congo (Kinshasa) mined an estimated 73 % of world cobalt in 2025, and the USGS reports export quotas that replaced a temporary export ban.\n",
  "best_for": "Hot magnetic and load-bearing alloys: a Curie temperature of 1115 °C and a melting point of 1495 °C in the pure metal, with cobalt-base superalloys for aircraft gas turbines",
  "weakest_at": "Supply and fine powder: Congo (Kinshasa) mined an estimated 73 % of world cobalt in 2025, and finely divided cobalt can ignite in air",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Co (element, atomic number 27); unalloyed cobalt metal, hexagonal close-packed (alpha-Co) below 417 °C and face-centred cubic (beta-Co) above",
    "cas": "7440-48-4",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
    "where": "CAS Number row and Atomic Number row (27) of the Goodfellow high-purity cobalt material page; Crystal Structure row gives hcp below 417 °C and fcc above"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "batteries",
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 20 °C, high-purity cobalt metal",
      "value": 8.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "high-purity cobalt metal (Goodfellow material page)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier material data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Physical data table, row Density (20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 20 °C, high-purity cobalt rod",
      "value": 8.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity (Goodfellow rod page)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density, 8.9@20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, high-purity cobalt",
      "value": 1495,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "high-purity cobalt metal",
        "unit_in_source": "1,495 °C (1,768 K)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier material data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Physical data table, row Melting Point, 1,495 °C (1,768 K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point, high-purity cobalt",
      "value": 2870,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2,870 °C (3,143 K)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier material data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Physical data table, row Boiling Point, 2,870 °C (3,143 K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point, elemental cobalt (HSDB entry)",
      "value": 2927,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "760 mmHg",
        "form": "elemental cobalt"
      },
      "method": "Experimental value listed in PubChem, from the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) entry",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "PubChem also lists 2870 °C from an ICSC entry, so the boiling point differs by 57 °C between sources.",
      "source": "pubchem-co",
      "where": "Experimental Properties, Boiling Point, HSDB entry 2,927 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record for Cobalt (CID 104730), experimental properties, GHS classification, HSDB and ECHA summaries",
        "id": "CID 104730, CAS 7440-48-4, EC 231-158-0",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/104730/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI) record; sections attributed to HSDB, ECHA and others"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature, cobalt",
      "value": 1115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "1,115 °C (1,388 K; 2,039 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in an encyclopaedia article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-co",
      "where": "Paragraph beginning 'Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt, Wikipedia (infobox properties, characteristics, alloys and applications)",
        "id": "Wikipedia article Cobalt, CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, high-purity cobalt metal",
      "value": 62.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "nΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "high-purity cobalt metal"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier material data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Electrical Resistivity, 62.4 nΩ·m (20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, high-purity cobalt rod",
      "value": 6.34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier electrical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The metal page prints 62.4 nΩ·m for the same quantity, which is 6.24 µΩ·cm, 0.1 µΩ·cm below this rod value.",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Electrical resistivity (µOhmcm), 6.34@20°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, high-purity cobalt rod (0 to 100 °C)",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Thermal conductivity, 100@0-100°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, cobalt rod at 298.2 K (reseller listing)",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(cm·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "298.2 K",
        "form": "cobalt rod, product listing"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reseller's product specification list",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fine-metals-co-rod",
      "where": "Product specification list, row Thermal Conductivity, 1.0 W/cm/K @ 298.2 K",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Rod, Fine Metals Corporation product listing with specification list",
        "id": "Reseller listing, no standard cited",
        "url": "https://finemetalscorp.com/product/cobalt-rod/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reseller web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, high-purity cobalt rod at 25 °C",
      "value": 456,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Specific heat, 456@25°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, cobalt at 15 to 100 °C",
      "value": 0.442,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/g °C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "15 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "J/g °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a database record (HSDB entry)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-co",
      "where": "Experimental Properties, Other Experimental Properties, specific heat entry 0.442 J/g °C (15-100 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record for Cobalt (CID 104730), experimental properties, GHS classification, HSDB and ECHA summaries",
        "id": "CID 104730, CAS 7440-48-4, EC 231-158-0",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/104730/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI) record; sections attributed to HSDB, ECHA and others"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, high-purity cobalt rod (0 to 100 °C)",
      "value": 12.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity",
        "unit_in_source": "x10-6 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Coefficient of thermal expansion, 12.5@0-100°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, cobalt at 20 °C",
      "value": 12.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "12.9 × 10−6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in an encyclopaedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-co",
      "where": "Infobox, row Thermal expansion",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt, Wikipedia (infobox properties, characteristics, alloys and applications)",
        "id": "Wikipedia article Cobalt, CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, high-purity cobalt metal",
      "value": 209,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "high-purity cobalt metal",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier material data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row Elastic (Young's) Modulus, 209 GPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick",
      "value": 211,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "not stated; the hard and soft rows both print 211"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile modulus (GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick",
      "value": 181.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "not stated; the hard and soft rows both print 181.5"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Bulk modulus (GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, cobalt",
      "value": 0.31,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in an encyclopaedia infobox",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-co",
      "where": "Infobox, row Poisson ratio, 0.31",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt, Wikipedia (infobox properties, characteristics, alloys and applications)",
        "id": "Wikipedia article Cobalt, CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick",
      "value": 0.32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "not stated; the hard and soft rows both print 0.32"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Poisson's ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick, hard temper",
      "value": 1135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "hard"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile strength (MPa), material condition Hard",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick, soft temper",
      "value": 760,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "soft"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile strength (MPa), material condition Soft",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick, hard temper",
      "value": 320,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kgf/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "hard",
        "load": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hardness Vickers (kgf mm-2), material condition Hard",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Vickers hardness, cobalt foil 0.025 mm thick, soft temper",
      "value": 170,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kgf/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "foil, 0.025 mm thick, 99.8 % purity",
        "temper": "soft",
        "load": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-foil",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Hardness Vickers (kgf mm-2), material condition Soft",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
        "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "saturation_magnetization",
      "label": "Saturation magnetization, cobalt",
      "value": 1.42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "T",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier material page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Magnetic Properties row, 'saturation magnetization 1.42 T'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_of_fusion",
      "label": "Latent heat of fusion, high-purity cobalt rod",
      "value": 263,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "solid rod, high-purity"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier thermal properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-rod",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Latent heat of fusion, 263",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
        "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "phase_transformation_temperature",
      "label": "Transformation from hcp to fcc, cobalt",
      "value": 417,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "transition": "hexagonal close-packed to face-centred cubic"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a database record (HSDB entry)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-co",
      "where": "Experimental Properties, Other Experimental Properties, entry 'Transformation temperature: 417 °C'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record for Cobalt (CID 104730), experimental properties, GHS classification, HSDB and ECHA summaries",
        "id": "CID 104730, CAS 7440-48-4, EC 231-158-0",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/104730/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI) record; sections attributed to HSDB, ECHA and others"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at room temperature",
      "headline": "Cobalt oxidises slowly in air and forms a thin oxide layer that is less protective than chromium oxide.",
      "effect": "Goodfellow says cobalt oxidises slowly in air at room temperature. The mixed Co3O4 spinel layer slows further oxidation but is less protective than Cr2O3, so chromium and aluminium additions improve oxidation resistance. The rating on the page is moderate.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement; no oxide thickness, rate or test duration printed",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance row (Moderate, Co3O4 spinel layer)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air, as a stability statement",
      "headline": "A database record says cobalt corrodes readily in air.",
      "effect": "PubChem's record, from the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, gives 'Corrodes readily in air' under stability and shelf life. No test conditions or rate are printed.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "database statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-co",
      "where": "Experimental Properties, Stability/Shelf Life entry (HSDB)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Dilute mineral acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric)",
      "headline": "Cobalt dissolves in dilute hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids.",
      "effect": "Goodfellow lists cobalt as dissolving in dilute HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3, and as reacting with mineral acids to form Co2+ salts. Concentrated nitric acid passivates it, and aqua regia dissolves it rapidly.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statements; acid concentrations and temperatures for the dilute acids are not printed"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Acid Resistance row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Alkalis and many organic acids",
      "headline": "Cobalt resists alkalis and many organic acids at room temperature.",
      "effect": "Goodfellow lists cobalt as resistant to alkalis, and to acetic acid and many organic acids at room temperature.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement; no concentration printed",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Acid Resistance row"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The EU harmonised classification under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, as printed in PubChem, is H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects) and H350 (may cause cancer). Signal word Danger. Hazard classes Carc. 1B, Muta. 2, Repr. 1B and Resp. Sens. 1.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H341",
          "H350"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 entry, and Hazard Classes and Categories"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's ECHA C&L summary is aggregated from 2,768 company reports. One report says cobalt does not meet GHS criteria. Notified codes are H302 (65.2 %), H317 (above 99.9 %), H319 (40.8 %) and H330 (23.4 %), with signal word Danger.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H317",
          "H319",
          "H330"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Pyrophoric fine powder or dust",
        "trigger": "Finely divided cobalt, including powder reduced from its oxides, exposed to air, acetylene or oxidising agents",
        "consequence": "PubChem (HSDB) says only certain forms of cobalt metal are pyrophoric, and very fine cobalt dust reduced in hydrogen can catch fire at room temperature in air. Dust can form explosive mixtures in air, and fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metals can react violently.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "Fire Potential, Physical Dangers and Stability and Reactivity entries (HSDB)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Acid attack with hydrogen release",
        "trigger": "Contact with mineral acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid",
        "consequence": "Cobalt reacts with mineral acids to form Co2+ salts, and the reaction generates flammable and explosive hydrogen gas (HSDB).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities entries (HSDB)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Surface oxidation in air",
        "trigger": "Long exposure to air at room temperature",
        "consequence": "Cobalt oxidises slowly to a Co3O4 layer, which is less protective than chromium oxide. The source gives no oxide thickness or rate.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance row"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Cobalt-59 captures neutrons in nuclear reactors to form cobalt-60, which has a half-life of 5.27 years and emits gamma rays at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. Cobalt-60 is also a corrosion product activated in reactor coolant circuits.",
        "affects": "Radiation dose and contamination from cobalt in reactor components and in radiotherapy sources",
        "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
        "where": "Isotopes table, 60Co entry"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Occupational limits for cobalt metal dust and fume, as Co: OSHA permissible exposure limit 0.1 mg/m3 as an 8-hour time-weighted average, and NIOSH recommended exposure limit 0.05 mg/m3 as a 10-hour time-weighted average.",
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "Safety and Hazard Properties, OSHA Standards and NIOSH Recommendations entries"
      },
      {
        "text": "The NIOSH Pocket Guide excerpt in PubChem lists cough, dyspnoea, wheezing, decreased lung function, dermatitis, respiratory hypersensitivity and asthma as symptoms of cobalt metal dust and fume. Target organs are the skin and respiratory system.",
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "Health Hazards, excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide (2024)"
      },
      {
        "text": "ATSDR lists cancer, skin, blood-forming, liver and respiratory effects as the affected organ systems for cobalt.",
        "source": "atsdr-cobalt",
        "where": "Affected Organ Systems line"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep finely divided cobalt away from air, acetylene, oxidising agents and ammonium nitrate. PubChem warns of violent reactions with these.",
        "source": "pubchem-co",
        "where": "Reactivity Profile and Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities entries (HSDB)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "batteries",
      "device": "Cathode metal in lithium-ion cells (lithium cobalt oxide and nickel-manganese-cobalt cathodes)",
      "example": "USGS says the cobalt content of lithium-ion batteries is the leading global use of cobalt. Cobalt-free cells using iron and phosphorus held a significant market share in China.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Substitutes paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Cobalt-base superalloys for aircraft gas turbine engines",
      "example": "USGS says superalloys took 51 % of cobalt consumed in the United States in 2025, mainly for aircraft gas turbine engines. Goodfellow adds nozzle guide vanes, combustion liners and first-stage turbine blades.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Connectors, thermal switches and microsensors in aerospace electronics",
      "example": "Wikipedia says cobalt alloys are used in connectors, thermal switches and microsensors that must endure extreme temperatures, vibration and radiation, conditions typical in satellites, fighter aircraft and hypersonic systems.",
      "source": "wikipedia-co",
      "where": "Alloys section, second paragraph on aerospace-grade electrical components"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Samarium-cobalt permanent magnets for motors, sensors and aerospace actuators",
      "example": "Goodfellow says samarium-cobalt magnets outperform NdFeB above about 150 °C and in corrosive environments, which makes them the choice for high-temperature motors, sensors and aerospace actuators.",
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Use case table, row Permanent Magnet Research (SmCo)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt mine production, 2025",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 73,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 14,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues paragraph (shares); World Mine Production and Reserves table, column 2025 (tonnes)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt reserves and resources",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, Reserves column; World Resources paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Congo (Kinshasa) export controls",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "United States cobalt use, imports and recycling",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Cobalt content of purchased scrap was 25 % of estimated cobalt consumption in 2025 (USGS).",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24); Recycling paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Cobalt price, US$ per pound",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Salient Statistics, Price, average, dollars per pound"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Critical-material status",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "Described on the Goodfellow page as a critical raw material in the EU and US (list not named)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "goodfellow-co-metal",
      "where": "Overview paragraph of the cobalt material page"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Substitutes",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: cobalt-free lithium-ion cathodes using iron and phosphorus held significant market share in China. In magnets: barium or strontium ferrites, neodymium-iron-boron or nickel-iron alloys. In paints: cerium, iron, lead, manganese or vanadium. In jet engines: nickel-base alloys or ceramics. In cutting and wear-resistant materials: iron, nickel, cermets or ceramics."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt",
      "where": "Substitutes paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow, High-Purity Cobalt Metal, material page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow, High-Purity Cobalt Rod, product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow, Cobalt Foil 0.025 mm, 99.8 %, technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Cobalt",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for cobalt (CID 104730), with HSDB, ECHA and OSHA entries",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cobalt"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions, cobalt",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Co&all=all&ascii=html"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal, Cobalt",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=64"
    },
    {
      "title": "Fine Metals Corporation, cobalt rod product listing",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://finemetalscorp.com/product/cobalt-rod/"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No designation (UNS, EN, AISI, ASTM or trade name) for unalloyed cobalt was printed in any source read in this run. A search for a UNS number returned only cobalt-base alloy standards. Goodfellow's catalogue codes (legacy code CO000190, product code CO00-FL-000290) are supplier codes, not designations, so they are not recorded, and identity.designations is left out.",
    "Yield strength of unalloyed cobalt was not recorded: the Goodfellow table prints 345-485 MPa with no temper, and the rule is to state the temper for each strength value.",
    "Vickers hardness, saturation magnetization, latent heat of fusion and the hcp to fcc transformation temperature are not canonical names in spores/property-canon.yaml, so they use the snake_case names vickers_hardness, saturation_magnetization, heat_of_fusion and phase_transformation_temperature.",
    "Wikipedia prints a density of 8.834 g/cm3 at 20 °C in its infobox, which differs from the 8.90 g/cm3 of the Goodfellow pages and the 8.9 g/cm3 of the rod page. It is not entered, to keep one density per supplier, and the difference is not resolved.",
    "Atomic-oxygen erosion, outgassing (total mass loss), cold welding and radiation effects on pure cobalt were not found in the sources read. No NASA or ESA test result for cobalt was opened.",
    "Atmospheric corrosion rate, oxide film thickness and high-temperature oxidation rate for pure cobalt were not found as numbers.",
    "The Cobalt Institute facts page was fetched but no production, use or supply figure could be read from it, so it is not cited.",
    "The NIOSH and OSHA chemical-data pages could not be read directly (short error responses), so their limits are taken from the PubChem record, which prints them.",
    "The critical-mineral status is taken from the Goodfellow page; the USGS summary read here does not name the critical-mineral list.",
    "Process steps beyond reductive smelting and by-product recovery (refining route, electrowinning) were not read from a primary process source.",
    "Electrical and thermal properties at cryogenic temperatures were not looked up; the NIST cryogenic tables are not in this profile."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Cobalt is a hard, ferromagnetic metal. Goodfellow gives its density as 8.90 g/cm3 at 20 °C and its melting point as 1495 °C, and it stays ferromagnetic up to its Curie temperature of 1115 °C. Its thermal conductivity is 100 W/(m·K) in the Goodfellow rod data. It is used mainly as an alloy element: superalloys took 51 % of US cobalt use in 2025, mainly for aircraft gas turbine engines (USGS), and the cobalt content of lithium-ion batteries is the leading global use. Congo (Kinshasa) mined an estimated 73 % of world cobalt in 2025.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Batteries",
        "line": "The cobalt content of lithium-ion batteries is the leading global use of cobalt, according to the USGS. Cobalt-free cells that use iron and phosphorus held a significant share of the market in China."
      },
      {
        "where": "Aircraft engines",
        "line": "In the United States, superalloys took 51 % of cobalt use in 2025, mainly for aircraft gas turbine engines. Goodfellow adds nozzle guide vanes, combustion liners and first-stage turbine blades as cobalt-base alloy parts."
      },
      {
        "where": "Satellite electronics",
        "line": "Wikipedia says cobalt alloys are used in connectors, thermal switches and microsensors that must endure extreme temperatures, vibration and radiation, conditions typical in satellites."
      },
      {
        "where": "Magnets and actuators",
        "line": "Samarium-cobalt magnets outperform NdFeB above about 150 °C and in corrosive environments, which Goodfellow gives as the reason for their use in high-temperature motors, sensors and aerospace actuators."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "The Goodfellow rod data gives 100 W/(m·K) for 0 to 100 °C. A reseller listing gives 1.0 W/(cm·K) at 298.2 K, which is the same order of magnitude.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "100 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay magnetic when hot",
        "line": "Cobalt stops being ferromagnetic only at its Curie temperature of 1115 °C, which Goodfellow describes as the highest of any ferromagnetic element.",
        "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1115 °C Curie temperature"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The density is 8.90 g/cm3 at 20 °C on the Goodfellow metal page, and 8.9 g/cm3 on the rod page.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.90 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melt",
        "line": "The melting point is 1495 °C (1768 K) on the Goodfellow page. PubChem prints the boiling point as 2,927 °C in its HSDB entry, against 2870 °C on the Goodfellow page.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1495 °C melting point"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength in two tempers (foil)",
        "line": "A 0.025 mm cobalt foil of 99.8 % purity has tensile strength 1135 MPa in the hard temper and 760 MPa in the soft temper, with Vickers hardness 320 and 170.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1135 MPa hard, 760 MPa soft"
      },
      {
        "label": "Expansion",
        "line": "The coefficient of thermal expansion is 12.5 ppm/K from 0 to 100 °C on the Goodfellow rod page, and 12.9 ppm/K at 20 °C in Wikipedia.",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "12.5 ppm/K"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Goodfellow describes the density of cobalt as intermediate between those of iron and nickel, and its thermal conductivity as similar to both. Iron and nickel are similar metals, so read the table rows as examples of the same class, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper, since the foil tensile strength is 1135 MPa hard and 760 MPa soft.",
      "Treat fine powder as pyrophoric, and keep it away from air, acetylene, oxidisers and ammonium nitrate.",
      "Keep metal dust and fume below 0.1 mg/m3 (OSHA) and 0.05 mg/m3 (NIOSH), both as Co."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-temperature magnets: a Curie temperature of 1115 °C, and samarium-cobalt magnets that outperform NdFeB above about 150 °C (Goodfellow).",
      "Hot alloys: cobalt-base superalloys for aircraft gas turbine engines (USGS).",
      "Battery cathodes: the leading global use of cobalt, according to the USGS."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Supply is concentrated: Congo (Kinshasa) mined an estimated 73 % of world cobalt in 2025, and export quotas run to 96,600 t per year in 2026 and 2027.",
      "The EU classification includes H350 (may cause cancer) and H317 (allergic skin reaction).",
      "Fine powder can ignite in air, and acid attack releases hydrogen.",
      "No atomic-oxygen, outgassing or radiation data for pure cobalt in space was found."
    ],
    "verdict": "Cobalt is a dense, hard, high-temperature ferromagnetic metal with a melting point of 1495 °C and a Curie temperature of 1115 °C. Its main roles are as an alloy element in magnets, superalloys and battery cathodes, and its supply is concentrated in Congo (Kinshasa). The EU classifies the metal as a carcinogen and a sensitiser, and fine powder is pyrophoric. The profile has no space outgassing, atomic-oxygen or designation data for pure cobalt.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Cobalt is a single-element metal, Co, with a hexagonal close-packed structure below 417 °C and a face-centred cubic structure above it (Goodfellow). Today it is usually produced as a by-product of copper and nickel mining, and the free element is made by reductive smelting (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Cobalt",
          "symbol": "Co",
          "role": "The whole material: unalloyed cobalt metal. The NIST standard atomic weight is 58.933 194(4).",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 58.933194
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The EU harmonised classification lists cobalt metal as a skin and respiratory sensitiser, suspected of causing genetic defects, and as a substance that may cause cancer. ECHA notifications differ on the rest.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Harmonised classification",
            "line": "PubChem prints the EU classification under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008: H317, H334, H341 and H350, signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Notifications",
            "line": "Of 2,768 company reports to ECHA, one says cobalt does not meet GHS criteria. Among reports that gave codes, H317 is given by more than 99.9 %, H302 by 65.2 % and H330 by 23.4 %."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Carcinogen and sensitiser under EU rules"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes printed in the sources are fire from fine powder and acid attack with hydrogen release. No space exposure data for pure cobalt was found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fine powder",
            "line": "Finely divided cobalt can ignite in air, and dust can form explosive mixtures in air."
          },
          {
            "label": "Acid",
            "line": "Dilute hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids dissolve cobalt, and the reaction releases flammable and explosive hydrogen."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust limits",
            "line": "The OSHA limit for cobalt metal dust and fume is 0.1 mg/m3 and the NIOSH limit is 0.05 mg/m3, both as Co."
          },
          {
            "label": "Keep fine cobalt apart",
            "line": "Keep fine cobalt away from air, oxidising agents, acetylene and ammonium nitrate."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 26,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. USGS and the Goodfellow foil data sheet were read from PDF text. Unreachable or unhelpful: the NIOSH and OSHA chemical pages returned short error responses, and the Cobalt Institute facts page gave no usable figure. Caveats: supplier values for density and resistivity differ slightly between pages (for example 62.4 nΩ·m and 6.34 µΩ·cm); the Wikipedia density of 8.834 g/cm3 is not entered; the foil values are for one 0.025 mm foil; the 2025 shares of Congo and Indonesia are USGS estimates; the critical-mineral status rests on one supplier page."
  },
  "sources": {
    "goodfellow-co-metal": {
      "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Metal, Goodfellow material page (Co 99.99 % maximum, 4N), physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical data",
      "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt material page",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/material/metals/cobalt",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "goodfellow-co-rod": {
      "title": "High-Purity Cobalt Rod, Goodfellow product page with material properties for metals",
      "id": "Goodfellow Metals, cobalt rod product page",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/cobalt-rod-group",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "goodfellow-co-foil": {
      "title": "Cobalt Foil/Sheet 0.025 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm, 99.8 % purity, Goodfellow technical data sheet (SKU 1000005039)",
      "id": "Goodfellow SKU 1000005039, Product Code CO00-FL-000290",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/technical_data/pdf/download?sku=1000005039",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-co": {
      "title": "Cobalt, Wikipedia (infobox properties, characteristics, alloys and applications)",
      "id": "Wikipedia article Cobalt, CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-co": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for Cobalt (CID 104730), experimental properties, GHS classification, HSDB and ECHA summaries",
      "id": "CID 104730, CAS 7440-48-4, EC 231-158-0",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/104730/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI) record; sections attributed to HSDB, ECHA and others"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-cobalt": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt (U.S. Geological Survey, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, data for 2025",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements, cobalt row",
      "id": "NIST standard atomic weight of Co 58.933 194(4)",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Co&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "US government data"
    },
    "atsdr-cobalt": {
      "title": "ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal, Cobalt (CAS 7440-48-4)",
      "id": "ATSDR Toxicological profile summary, Cobalt",
      "url": "https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxSubstance.aspx?toxid=64",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "US government public health information"
    },
    "fine-metals-co-rod": {
      "title": "Cobalt Rod, Fine Metals Corporation product listing with specification list",
      "id": "Reseller listing, no standard cited",
      "url": "https://finemetalscorp.com/product/cobalt-rod/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Reseller web page, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/cobalt/"
}