{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "chromium-nitride",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbide-nitride-boride-ceramics",
  "name": "Chromium nitride",
  "abbreviation": "CrN",
  "role": "hard, silver-grey nitride coating for tools, sliding parts and piston rings",
  "category": "ceramics",
  "type": "nitrides",
  "summary": "Chromium nitride is a rock-salt ceramic that is very hard, wear-resistant and resistant to corrosion. A coating supplier gives a density of 5.9 g/cm3, a hardness of 22 GPa and a Young's modulus of 200 GPa. A Danish Technological Institute datasheet gives a micro hardness of 1800 HV for three CrN grades and 2100 HV for the denser HiPIMS grade, and a maximum application temperature of 700 °C for most grades (300 °C for the Super Slip grade). The supplier says oxidation in air begins at 700 °C. An Uppsala CVD study (Adams et al., 2026) measured a room-temperature resistivity of 119 mΩ·cm for a rock-salt film about 110 nm thick.\n",
  "best_for": "Hard, wear-resistant PVD coatings on sliding parts, piston rings and cutting or forming tools, where service stays below about 700 °C in air",
  "weakest_at": "Oxidation in air from about 700 °C, and micro-cracking or peeling of the coating under load (patent background)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "CrN",
    "cas": "24094-93-7",
    "crystal_system": "cubic",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "pubchem-crn",
    "where": "Formula and CAS from the PubChem record for CID 90362 (Names and Identifiers); cubic crystal system from the BryCoat physical properties table (Crystal Structure row)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 5.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated in a supplier table without temperature or test method"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value for the PVD coating",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Micro hardness, CrN-LT, CrN-SS and CrN-SD coatings",
      "value": 1800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grades": "CrN-LT, CrN-SS and CrN-SD (PVD)",
        "load": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Micro hardness stated in the datasheet product table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Product variations table, Micro hardness [HV] row (first three columns)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
        "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
        "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
      "label": "Micro hardness, CrN-HP (HiPIMS) coating",
      "value": 2100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CrN-HP, HiPIMS process",
        "load": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Micro hardness stated in the datasheet product table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Product variations table, Micro hardness [HV] row, CrN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
        "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
        "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness quoted by a coating supplier",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated beside a Knoop or Vickers microhardness statement, without load or test method"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, supplier datasheet",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated without temperature, film orientation or test method"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Young's Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated without test method"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Poisson's Ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "residual_compressive_stress",
      "label": "Residual compressive stress in the supplier coating",
      "value": 5.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated for the supplier coating without deposition details"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value; a stress in the coating, not a material constant",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Residual Compressive Stress row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 1500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier table; the same row says CrN decomposes to Cr2N at 1050 °C, which then melts at 1500 °C"
      },
      "method": "Supplier statement, no measurement method given",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The supplier wording is ambiguous about which phase melts. Wikipedia gives a different melting value for chromium nitride, marked as decomposition; that value is not used here.",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Melting Temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "decomposition_temperature",
      "label": "Decomposition of CrN to Cr2N",
      "value": 1050,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement of decomposition to Cr2N"
      },
      "method": "Supplier statement, no method given",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Melting Temperature row (decomposition note)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum application temperature, CrN-LT, CrN-SD and CrN-HP",
      "value": 700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grades": "CrN-LT, CrN-SD and CrN-HP (PVD and HiPIMS)",
        "atmosphere": "not stated in the datasheet; the supplier says oxidation begins at 700 °C in air"
      },
      "method": "Maximum application temperature from the datasheet product table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Product variations table, Application temperature, max. row (first, third and fourth columns)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
        "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
        "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum application temperature, CrN-SS (Super Slip)",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CrN-SS, PVD plus a second process step (FGC layer)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum application temperature from the datasheet product table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Product variations table, Application temperature, max. row, CrN-SS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
        "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
        "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "deposition_temperature",
      "label": "Deposition temperature range, PVD",
      "value": 200,
      "value_high": 450,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "process": "PVD vacuum deposition; the supplier's standard process is 400 °C"
      },
      "method": "Range stated by a coating supplier",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Deposition Temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "friction_coefficient",
      "label": "Friction coefficient against steel, CrN-LT and CrN-SS",
      "value": 0.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "counter_material": "steel",
        "grades": "CrN-LT and CrN-SS",
        "test": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Friction coefficient from the datasheet product table; a system property, not a material constant",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Product variations table, Friction coefficient against steel row (first and second columns)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
        "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
        "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "friction_coefficient",
      "label": "Typical friction coefficient, CrN against steel (supplier)",
      "value": 0.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "counter_material": "steel",
        "basis": "typical value quoted by the supplier; published range 0.05 to 0.90"
      },
      "method": "Supplier statement; the supplier says friction depends on the whole system",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Coefficient of Friction row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, CVD-grown epitaxial CrN film",
      "value": 119,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "film": "single-phase epitaxial CrN, about 110 nm, on c-plane sapphire, grown by thermal CVD",
        "measurement": "four-point probe, room temperature",
        "spread": "plus or minus 30 mΩ·cm"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors and stated in the results",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "adams2026",
      "where": "Results, electrical transport paragraph (room-temperature resistivity)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial Chromium Nitride Thin Films (Adams, Baserga, Souqui, Sadek, von Fieandt, Eklund)",
        "id": "arXiv:2603.04154",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.04154",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (author license as listed on arXiv)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, supplier statement",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "µOhm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement; the supplier says literature values range widely"
      },
      "method": "Supplier statement",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Electrical Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "seebeck_coefficient",
      "label": "Seebeck coefficient, CVD CrN film (n-type)",
      "value": -36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µV/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "film": "same CVD CrN film as the resistivity result, about 110 nm",
        "measurement": "ambient conditions"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors in the electrical transport section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "adams2026",
      "where": "Results, electrical transport paragraph (Seebeck coefficient)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial Chromium Nitride Thin Films (Adams, Baserga, Souqui, Sadek, von Fieandt, Eklund)",
        "id": "arXiv:2603.04154",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.04154",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint (author license as listed on arXiv)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_of_formation",
      "label": "Heat of formation, supplier table",
      "value": 29800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Cal/mole",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "stated in a supplier table without state or temperature"
      },
      "method": "Supplier datasheet value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Heat of Formation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
        "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Static or flowing air at high temperature",
      "headline": "CrN begins to oxidize in air at about 700 °C, and it is more resistant in an inert atmosphere.",
      "effect": "The supplier says the coating begins to oxidize at 700 °C in air and is more resistant in an inert atmosphere. The source gives no exposure time, film thickness or test method.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air",
        "exposure": "no time or test method given"
      },
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Temperature Resistance row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Acids, bases, solvents and caustic solutions",
      "headline": "The supplier calls CrN highly inert to acids, bases, solvents and caustic solutions.",
      "effect": "No test is described. The statement gives no concentrations, times or temperatures, so it is a supplier claim rather than a measured result.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier statement, no test conditions"
      },
      "source": "brycoat-crn",
      "where": "Physical properties table, Chemical Resistance row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Passive oxidation after or during deposition of thin films",
      "headline": "Thin CrN films can contain about 4 at.% oxygen after growth.",
      "effect": "In a CVD-grown epitaxial CrN film about 110 nm thick, the authors estimated about 4 at.% oxygen. They compare this with 1 to 4 at.% in high-vacuum PVD films and link it to passive oxidation or the growth environment.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "film": "thermal CVD CrN, about 110 nm, on sapphire",
        "measurement": "ToF-ERDA composition analysis, as described by the authors"
      },
      "source": "adams2026",
      "where": "Results, composition paragraph (oxygen content)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem lists chromium nitride as not classified under GHS. The record reports that it does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (3 of 3) of company reports.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-crn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 90362 record)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's Haz-Map summary describes it as an irritant that may cause skin and respiratory sensitization after prolonged contact.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-crn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, Hazards Summary (CID 90362 record)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation of the coating surface in hot air",
        "trigger": "Heating in air above about 700 °C",
        "consequence": "The coating begins to oxidize, which limits its use in air; the supplier says it is more resistant in an inert atmosphere.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "brycoat-crn",
        "where": "Physical properties table, Temperature Resistance row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Micro-cracking and loss of coating pieces under load",
        "trigger": "Sliding or stress on a CrN coating, as described in the patent background for CrN in general",
        "consequence": "The patent says micro-cracks form on the CrN surface, propagate, and cause loss of small pieces of the coating.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "us7891669",
        "where": "Background section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's chromium nitride record notes that trivalent chromium is not very toxic, but \"may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen\".",
        "affects": "Workers handling heated or oxidized material",
        "source": "pubchem-crn",
        "where": "Toxicity, Health Effects (CID 90362 record)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Nitrogen vacancies in the CVD film make it behave more like a metal, lowering its resistivity relative to pure stoichiometric CrN, according to the authors.",
        "affects": "Electrical resistivity and thermoelectric behaviour of the film",
        "source": "adams2026",
        "where": "Results, electrical transport paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The PEL is 0.5 mg/m3 and the TLV is 0.003 mg/m3 as Cr(III), for inhalable particulate. Keep powder out of the air.",
        "source": "pubchem-crn",
        "where": "Exposure Control and Personal Protection (CID 90362 record)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem gives no handling or storage advice for chromium nitride in the sections read in this run. Check the supplier's safety data sheet for powder, target or coating stock.",
        "source": "pubchem-crn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards (CID 90362 record)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Deposit at 400 °C, the supplier's standard process, which the supplier says gives the toughest coating.",
        "source": "brycoat-crn",
        "where": "Physical properties table, Deposition Temperature row"
      },
      {
        "text": "The datasheet recommends the dense CrN-SD and HiPIMS CrN-HP grades for heavily loaded work; CrN-HP is described for critical applications in corrosive environments.",
        "source": "dti-crn",
        "where": "Product descriptions (CrN-SD and CrN-HP paragraphs)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Piston rings for internal combustion engines (PVD coating on the sliding surface)",
      "example": "The patent claims a piston ring whose sliding surface carries a chromium nitride coating deposited by physical vapor deposition, and it says the coating gives high wear resistance for this component.",
      "source": "us7891669",
      "where": "Claims; Background"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Wear parts, machinery components and injection moulds",
      "example": "The Danish Technological Institute Tribology Centre says CrN suits tools, wear parts and machinery components, and that the coating does not need grinding after it is applied.",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Opening section (CrN product family)"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Cutting and forming tools (metal forming)",
      "example": "The datasheet recommends CrN in cutting and forming to prevent soft metals such as aluminium, copper and zinc alloys from sticking.",
      "source": "dti-crn",
      "where": "Cutting and forming of metal paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Chromium (the metal in CrN; nitrogen is not covered by this source)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (page prints: Chromium, used in stainless steel)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of US apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the two leading end uses."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (chromium content in thousand t; world total 51,000 rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that total); Salient Statistics and Recycling; Substitutes. Critical list: USGS 2025 critical minerals page (usgs-crit2025)."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium nitride (CID 90362), GHS and toxicity sections",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/90362",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "CrN product family datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial Chromium Nitride Thin Films (arXiv:2603.04154)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.04154",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Thermal conductivity not found: the supplier table has a placeholder ('xxx') and the open CVD paper does not report it.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion not found: the supplier table has a placeholder ('xxx').",
    "Band gap not found: the supplier table has a placeholder ('xxx').",
    "Density is a supplier value; no open paper gave a density for CrN in this run. The search snippet for a theoretical density came from a patent that was not opened and is not used.",
    "Oxidation onset in air measured by thermogravimetry for dense CrN not found in an open source; the only onset value is the supplier's 700 °C. The MDPI pages returned access denied.",
    "Space exposure, vacuum, atomic oxygen and radiation results for CrN not found in this run.",
    "Piston-ring field life and fatigue data not found in an open paper; the piston-ring use rests on a patent's claims and background.",
    "The Wikipedia melting value for chromium nitride is not used; Wikipedia is limited here to composition and history. The supplier's melting value is ambiguous about the decomposition step.",
    "Friction: the datasheet prints 0,3 (decimal comma) for CrN-SD and CrN-HP; those two values are left out to avoid decimal commas.",
    "Hardness method and load are not stated for the supplier's 22 GPa; the datasheet micro-hardness load is also not stated.",
    "Property names not in spores/property-canon.yaml: vickers_hardness, residual_compressive_stress, decomposition_temperature, deposition_temperature, seebeck_coefficient, heat_of_formation, friction_coefficient.",
    "Nitrogen supply and abundance not sourced in this run; supply covers chromium only.",
    "EU critical raw materials list: the Commission page read in this run does not name chromium, and the annex list was not opened, so no EU listing is recorded.",
    "Atomic weights of chromium and nitrogen were not read in a fetched page, so the recipe parts have no atomic_weight.",
    "Cr3C2 (chromium carbide) is mentioned in the story only; no values for it are given.",
    "No media images were added."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Chromium nitride (CrN) is a hard ceramic coating with a rock-salt structure. It is silver-grey and is applied as a thin film, usually by PVD. Its hardness, wear resistance and resistance to corrosion explain its use on tools and sliding parts. Its main limit is oxidation that starts at about 700 °C in air. CrN is related to dichromium nitride (Cr2N), which the supplier says CrN decomposes to, and to chromium carbide (Cr3C2), a different chromium ceramic that is listed beside CrN in the chromium compounds table. This profile gives no carbide values.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Piston rings",
        "line": "A patent describes a piston ring for combustion engines with a CrN coating deposited by physical vapour deposition on its sliding surface."
      },
      {
        "where": "Wear parts and tools",
        "line": "The Danish Technological Institute says CrN suits tools, wear parts and machinery components. It recommends CrN for cutting and forming, where it stops soft metals such as aluminium and copper from sticking."
      },
      {
        "where": "Injection moulds",
        "line": "The same datasheet says the CrN-SD and CrN-HP grades have superior release properties against a variety of plastic types."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Hardness",
        "line": "The datasheet gives a micro hardness of 1800 HV for three CrN grades and 2100 HV for the denser HiPIMS grade. A coating supplier gives 22 GPa.",
        "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1800 HV"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "A coating supplier gives a Young's modulus of 200 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.2, without a test method.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "200 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting and decomposition",
        "line": "A supplier table gives a melting temperature of 1500 °C and says CrN decomposes to Cr2N at 1050 °C. The source does not say how these were measured.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1500 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Air limit",
        "line": "The datasheet gives a maximum application temperature of 700 °C for three grades and 300 °C for the Super Slip grade.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "700 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "line": "A CVD film about 110 nm thick measured 119 mΩ·cm at room temperature, with a spread of plus or minus 30 mΩ·cm.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "119 mΩ·cm"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Chromium nitride sits in the hard-ceramic group. Its micro hardness of 1800 to 2100 HV in the datasheet is high, but it begins to oxidize in air at about 700 °C, which is its main limit. The supplier figure of 700 °C is higher than the oxidation onset of titanium nitride in this collection, but the two figures come from different sources and tests, so they are not directly comparable. CrN's advantage is its use on sliding and forming parts, not its performance in hot air.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Vickers hardness (datasheet)",
        "benchmark": "vickers_hardness",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point (supplier)",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Maximum application temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "The PEL is 0.5 mg/m3 and the TLV is 0.003 mg/m3 as Cr(III). Keep powder out of the air.",
      "Keep heating in air below about 700 °C if the coating must stay CrN.",
      "PubChem warns that trivalent chromium may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium, a known carcinogen, so avoid heating that oxidizes the material.",
      "Check the supplier's safety data sheet for powder, target or coating stock, since PubChem gives no handling advice."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Hardness and wear. The datasheet gives 1800 HV for three grades and 2100 HV for the HiPIMS grade.",
      "Release from plastic moulds. The datasheet says CrN-SD and CrN-HP release plastics well.",
      "Piston rings. A patent describes CrN as giving high wear resistance for this component."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Oxidation in air. The supplier says oxidation starts at 700 °C in air.",
      "Micro-cracks and peeling. A patent background says micro-cracks on CrN can grow and lose small pieces of coating.",
      "Friction depends on the system. The supplier gives 0.4 typical against steel, and the published range runs from 0.05 to 0.90.",
      "Resistivity varies widely. The supplier gives more than 300 µOhm-cm, while one CVD film measured 119 mΩ·cm."
    ],
    "verdict": "Chromium nitride is a hard, wear-resistant coating for tools, sliding parts and piston rings. It should not be used in hot air above about 700 °C, and micro-cracking under load needs a test on the actual part before use.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Chromium nitride is one chromium atom bonded to one nitrogen atom in a rock-salt crystal. The nitrogen sits in the octahedral holes of the chromium lattice, so the compound is an interstitial nitride rather than a chromium(III) salt. Thin films are grown mainly by physical vapour deposition, by cathodic arc and magnetron sputtering, and by thermal CVD in a 2026 Uppsala study.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "The metal that gives the coating its hardness and wear resistance."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Occupies the octahedral holes of the chromium lattice, giving the rock-salt structure."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "PubChem lists chromium nitride as not classified under GHS in its company reports. An older summary describes it as an irritant that may cause sensitization after prolonged contact.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The notifications",
            "line": "PubChem records 3 of 3 company reports as not meeting GHS hazard criteria, with no hazard statements."
          },
          {
            "label": "Exposure limits",
            "line": "The PEL is 0.5 mg/m3 and the TLV is 0.003 mg/m3 as Cr(III), for inhalable particulate."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified hazardous in PubChem reports"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the coating is heated in air",
        "lead": "These results come from supplier statements and laboratory work, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Oxidation",
            "line": "The coating begins to oxidize at 700 °C in air, according to the supplier. It is more resistant in an inert atmosphere."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "PubChem gives no handling advice for chromium nitride. Check the supplier's safety data sheet for powder or target stock."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 18,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages read in this run. Unreachable: MDPI Materials 17(17) 4328 (access denied) and the Justia patent page (Cloudflare check). Most values are supplier or datasheet figures; the resistivity and Seebeck values come from an open paper."
  },
  "sources": {
    "pubchem-crn": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record CID 90362, chromium nitride (CrN): names, GHS classification, toxicity and food-contact entries",
      "id": "CID 90362; CAS 24094-93-7",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/90362",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list of 60 minerals)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, November 2025",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "brycoat-crn": {
      "title": "BryCoat, Chromium Nitride (CrN) PVD Coating Physical Properties (supplier datasheet page)",
      "url": "https://brycoat.com/surface-engineering/brycoat-pvd-coating-solutions/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/chromium-nitride-crn-pvd-coating/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "dti-crn": {
      "title": "CrN product family: Chromium Nitride datasheet (Danish Technological Institute, Tribology Centre)",
      "id": "DTI Tribology Centre",
      "url": "https://www.dti.dk/_/media/88696_CrN_EN.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "adams2026": {
      "title": "Chemical Vapor Deposition of Epitaxial Chromium Nitride Thin Films (Adams, Baserga, Souqui, Sadek, von Fieandt, Eklund)",
      "id": "arXiv:2603.04154",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.04154",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint (author license as listed on arXiv)"
    },
    "us7891669": {
      "title": "Piston ring with chromium nitride coating for internal combustion engines (US patent 7891669)",
      "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US7891669",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "patent document (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-crn": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Chromium nitride (composition, rock-salt structure and history only)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_nitride",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/chromium-nitride/"
}