{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "chromel",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "resistance-and-thermocouple-alloys",
  "name": "Chromel",
  "abbreviation": "Ni-10Cr (Chromel-P)",
  "role": "positive leg of Type K and Type E thermocouples",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Chromel is the nickel-chromium alloy of about 90 % nickel and 10 % chromium, sold as Chromel-P (ASTM E-230, UNS N06010 in the Concept Alloys datasheet). It is the positive leg of the Chromel-Alumel (Type K) thermocouple. Kanthal's Thermothal P datasheet gives a density of 8.72 g/cm3, a melting point of 1430 °C and an electrical resistivity of 0.706 Ohm mm2/m at 20 °C. Its guide limit for bare wire is 900 °C for 1.00 mm wire, and Advent RM gives 1100 °C in oxidizing atmospheres. Annealed wire has a tensile strength of 95 ksi and an elongation of 35 % (Concept Alloys).\n",
  "best_for": "Sensing temperature as the positive leg of a base-metal thermocouple across about -200 °C to 1260 °C, with a chromium oxide scale that keeps it stable in air (Concept Alloys)",
  "weakest_at": "Use in reducing, alternating or vacuum atmospheres, which Kanthal excludes, and the sources give no corrosion rate; the mechanical data are only room-temperature and 500 °C points",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Nickel-chromium alloy, nominal 90 Ni and 10 Cr; Kanthal Thermothal P nominal composition Ni balance, Cr 10.0, Si 0.5",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N06010",
        "source": "concept-chromel-p",
        "where": "Industry Specifications line, UNS N06010"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "E-230",
        "note": "thermocouple wire specification",
        "source": "concept-chromel-p",
        "where": "Industry Specifications line, ASTM E-230"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Chromel-P",
        "note": "trademark of Concept Alloys, Inc.",
        "source": "concept-chromel-p",
        "where": "Title line and footnote, Trademarked and Sold Exclusively by Concept Alloys"
      }
    ],
    "source": "concept-chromel-p",
    "where": "Nominal Composition line of the Concept Alloys Chromel-P datasheet (90 Ni, 10 Cr). The Kanthal Thermothal P chemical composition table gives Ni balance, Cr 10.0 and Si 0.5. Wikipedia describes the alloy as about 90 % nickel and 10 % chromium by weight."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 8.72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal), Ni90/Cr10 type",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 8.73,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concept Alloys prints the same figure as specific gravity (8.73). Kept beside the Kanthal value; the two differ by 0.01 g/cm3.",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Physical Property Data, Specific Gravity and Density (g/cm3) rows",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 1430,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Melting point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Approximate melting point, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 1427,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed as approximate; 2600 °F is printed beside it.",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Physical Property Data, Approximate Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 0.706,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω mm2/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Electrical resistivity (20°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Nominal electrical resistivity at 20 °C, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 70.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet. The datasheet prints the unit as µΩ/cm3 in the cell; the paired row gives 425 Ω·mil2/ft, which is the same figure as 70.6 µΩ·cm, so µΩ·cm is used here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Physical Property Data, Nominal Resistivity row (µΩ/cm3 cell, 70.6 at 20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Guide maximum continuous temperature, bare wire 1.00 mm (Kanthal)",
      "value": 900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "form": "bare wire, diameter 1.00 mm",
        "environment": "not stated; the page excludes reducing, alternating and vacuum atmospheres"
      },
      "method": "Guide value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The datasheet calls these guide values and does not say they apply in air.",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Recommended maximum continuous operating temperature table, Bare wire row, column 1.00",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Upper operating limit in oxidizing atmospheres (Advent RM)",
      "value": 1100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ni90/Cr10 (Chromel)",
        "environment": "oxidizing atmospheres"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Advent value is a supplier limit for oxidizing atmospheres and is not the same test as the Kanthal guide values.",
      "source": "advent-chromel",
      "where": "Ni90/Cr10 (Chromel) introduction section, maximum operating temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Advent RM: Chromel (Ni90/Cr10) alloy page",
        "url": "https://www.advent-rm.com/en-gb/products/alloys/chromel",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 100 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 19.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Thermal conductivity (100°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 0.448,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "kJ kg-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Specific heat capacity (20°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x 10-6/K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Concept Alloys prints 13.1 ppm/K over the same range. The two datasheets disagree by about 30 %, so both are kept.",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Coefficient of thermal expansion (20-100°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 13.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "E-6 cm/cm/°C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Wikipedia prints 12.8 x 10-6/K at 20 to 1000 °C, a different range, and is not used here.",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Physical Property Data, Temp. Coef. Of Expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus at 20 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Young's modulus, 20 °C value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, annealed, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties, Yield Strength, annealed (ksi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 95,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties, Tensile Strength, annealed (ksi)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, annealed, Chromel-P (Concept Alloys)",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Chromel-P, nominal 90 Ni 10 Cr",
        "temper": "annealed",
        "form": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties, Elongation, annealed (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
        "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
        "year": 2009,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, 2.0 mm wire, room temperature, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 220,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 2.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, Yield strength (Rp0.2) for 2.0 mm wire",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm, 2.0 mm wire, room temperature, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 580,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 2.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, Tensile strength (Rm) for 2.0 mm wire",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, 2.0 mm wire, room temperature, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 2.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, Elongation (A) for 2.0 mm wire",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness Hv, 2.0 mm wire, room temperature, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "form": "wire, diameter 2.0 mm",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Non-canonical property name; hardness_vickers is not in the canonical property file.",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, room temperature table, Hardness (Hv) for 2.0 mm wire",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2 at 300 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 244,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "300 °C",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature table, row 300, column Rp0.2",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength Rm at 500 °C, Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
      "value": 563,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Thermothal P (Kanthal)",
        "temperature": "500 °C",
        "temper": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature table, row 500, column Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
        "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air at high temperature",
      "headline": "Chromel is resistant to oxidation, and the bare wire can be used across its range in air.",
      "effect": "Concept Alloys says the superior resistance of the alloys to oxidation allows the bare metals to be used throughout the useful range of -200 °C to +1260 °C, and that with proper protection the thermocouple can be used in almost any environment. No oxidation rate or weight gain is printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "basis": "supplier datasheet; no test duration stated"
      },
      "source": "concept-chromel-p",
      "where": "Opening paragraph of the datasheet"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxidizing atmospheres up to 1100 °C",
      "headline": "Advent RM gives up to 1,100 °C in oxidizing atmospheres.",
      "effect": "The Advent RM page gives the upper limit as up to 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) in oxidizing atmospheres. The page gives no oxidation rate and no test duration.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "oxidizing atmospheres",
        "basis": "supplier product page"
      },
      "source": "advent-chromel",
      "where": "Ni90/Cr10 (Chromel) introduction section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Reducing, alternating or vacuum atmospheres",
      "headline": "Kanthal excludes reducing, alternating oxidizing and reducing, and vacuum service.",
      "effect": "The Thermothal P datasheet says the material cannot be exposed to reducing or alternately oxidizing and reducing atmospheres or vacuum. It gives no corrosion rate, sulphur, chloride or humidity data for Chromel.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "reducing, cycling or vacuum",
        "basis": "manufacturer datasheet"
      },
      "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
      "where": "Recommended maximum continuous operating temperature section, text below the table"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Airgas nickel wire and rod SDS (approval 2-1-2016) lists GHS Hazard Classification as Not Classified, with no symbol or signal word. The sheet covers a nickel wire and rod product, not Chromel itself.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, GHS Hazard Classification line"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS aggregate for nickel metal (the main constituent at about 90 %) includes H317, May cause an allergic skin reaction, Warning, reported by 100 % of notifiers. PubChem describes nickel metal, not the Chromel alloy.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, H317 (100%) entry"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem GHS aggregate for nickel metal includes H351, Suspected of causing cancer, Warning, reported by 100 % of notifiers.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel-ghs",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, H351 (100%) entry"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Airgas nickel wire and rod SDS carries a California Proposition 65 statement that products may contain chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Regulatory information section, California Proposition 65 line"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Attack in reducing, cycling or vacuum service",
        "trigger": "Use in reducing or alternately oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, or in vacuum (Kanthal exclusion)",
        "consequence": "The datasheet excludes these atmospheres and gives no corrosion rate, so the time to failure cannot be taken from it.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
        "where": "Recommended maximum continuous operating temperature section, text below the table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Overheating of fine bare wire",
        "trigger": "Operation of bare wire above the guide value for its diameter",
        "consequence": "The Kanthal guide value for bare wire falls from 1050 °C at 3.26 mm to 710 °C at 0.25 mm, so fine wire has a lower limit than thick wire.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
        "where": "Recommended maximum continuous operating temperature table, Bare wire row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Strength loss at temperature",
        "trigger": "Sustained load or bending at 300 °C or above",
        "consequence": "Kanthal prints Rp0.2 of 244 MPa at 300 °C and 217 MPa at 500 °C, and Rm of 594 MPa and 563 MPa at the same temperatures. No creep data are printed for Chromel.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
        "where": "Mechanical properties at elevated temperature table"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Welding and cutting of products containing chromium may produce hexavalent chromium. The Airgas sheet tells the user to follow OSHA rules for welding.",
        "affects": "Handling of fume from grinding or welding",
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Section on welding and cutting, hexavalent chromium line"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep bare wire below the Kanthal guide value for its diameter, and do not use it in reducing, alternating or vacuum atmospheres (Kanthal).",
        "source": "kanthal-thermothal-p",
        "where": "Recommended maximum continuous operating temperature section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Treat grinding or welding fume as possibly containing nickel and chromium compounds (Airgas sheet).",
        "source": "airgas-nickel-sds",
        "where": "Regulatory information and welding sections"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Type K thermocouple, positive leg",
      "example": "Chromel is the positive leg of the Chromel-Alumel (Type K) thermocouple. Thermometrics gives Type K as commonly referenced for -200 °C to 1250 °C, and Concept Alloys gives a widely used range of -200 °C to +1260 °C for Chromel-P.",
      "source": "thermometrics-typek",
      "where": "Chromel Alumel section (positive leg); Type K temperature range section"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Type E thermocouple, positive conductor",
      "example": "Wikipedia says the alloy is used to make the positive conductors of ANSI Type E (chromel-constantan) and K (chromel-alumel) thermocouples.",
      "source": "wikipedia-chromel",
      "where": "Lead paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that printed total; Kazakhstan value is estimated by USGS); Recycling; Substitutes; Net import reliance 79 % in 2025e"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Concept Alloys: Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet (rev. 12-23-09)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Advent RM: Chromel (Ni90/Cr10) alloy page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.advent-rm.com/en-gb/products/alloys/chromel"
    },
    {
      "title": "Thermometrics: Thermocouple Type K",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://thermometricscorp.com/typek.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Chromel",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromel"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    },
    {
      "title": "Airgas Nickel Wire and Rod safety data sheet (approval 2-1-2016)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.airgas.com/msds/005727.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Curie temperature is not stated by Kanthal. Thermometrics says nothing about the magnetic behaviour of chromel, so no magnetic transition is recorded.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion disagrees between sources: Kanthal 17 ppm/K and Concept Alloys 13.1 ppm/K over the same 20 to 100 °C range. Both are kept, and no value was read for a third source.",
    "Temperature coefficient of resistance (Kanthal 300 x 10-6/K, Concept Alloys 3.2 x 10-4 per °C, both at 20 to 100 °C) was read but not recorded: the canonical property file has no name for it.",
    "No creep, creep-rupture or sustained-load data for Chromel were printed. Kanthal gives only elevated-temperature Rp0.2 and Rm values.",
    "Corrosion: no sulphur, chloride, humidity or vacuum attack data and no corrosion rate in micrometres per year were printed by any fetched source.",
    "Outgassing, atomic-oxygen and radiation effects were not looked up for Chromel.",
    "The PubChem GHS record is for nickel metal, not the Chromel alloy, and the Airgas SDS is for a nickel wire and rod product. No hazard classification for the 90/10 alloy itself was found.",
    "Hardness and elevated-temperature values are listed under non-canonical names (hardness_vickers) or with the canonical name and a temperature in the label, because the canonical file has no separate entries for them.",
    "Thermothal P is Kanthal's product name for a chromel-type positive leg. It is not listed as a designation because the Kanthal page does not call it the same grade as Chromel-P.",
    "The Kanthal guide values do not state the atmosphere they assume, so they are not treated as an air limit.",
    "Wikipedia gives a density of 8.5 g/cm3 and a resistivity of 0.706 µΩ·m, and 1420 °C. The density is not used because the two manufacturer datasheets agree at 8.72 and 8.73; the resistivity agrees with Kanthal, and the melting point is 10 °C below Kanthal.",
    "The ASM Alloy Digest entry for Chromel-P (Hoskins Ni-69) was found in search results but is paywalled, so its values are not used.",
    "Atomic weights of nickel and chromium were not read from a fetched page, so the recipe parts carry shares only.",
    "No CAS number was recorded for the alloy.",
    "No media were read for this profile."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Chromel is the positive leg of a base-metal thermocouple. Its nominal composition of 90 % nickel and 10 % chromium gives a stable calibrated thermoelectric pairing with Alumel for Type K sensing. Kanthal's Thermothal P datasheet gives a density of 8.72 g/cm3, a melting point of 1430 °C and a resistivity of 0.706 Ohm mm2/m at 20 °C. Its weak points in these sources are the atmosphere limits and the lack of creep or corrosion-rate data.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Type K thermocouples",
        "line": "Chromel is the positive leg of the Chromel-Alumel (Type K) thermocouple. Thermometrics gives a commonly referenced range of -200 °C to 1250 °C for Type K."
      },
      {
        "where": "Type E thermocouples",
        "line": "Wikipedia says the alloy makes the positive conductor of ANSI Type E (chromel-constantan) and Type K thermocouples."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stay solid when hot",
        "line": "The Kanthal datasheet gives a melting point of 1430 °C. Concept Alloys gives an approximate 1427 °C.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1430 °C melting point"
      },
      {
        "label": "Work hot in air",
        "line": "Advent RM gives up to 1,100 °C in oxidizing atmospheres. Kanthal's guide value for 1.00 mm bare wire is 900 °C.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1100 °C oxidizing-air limit"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay light",
        "line": "Density is 8.72 g/cm3 in the Kanthal datasheet and 8.73 g/cm3 in the Concept Alloys datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "8.72 g/cm3"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "This profile has no second thermocouple alloy read in the same run, so the compare rows use Chromel's own figures: resistivity, the continuous temperature limit and thermal conductivity. Read them as Chromel's values, not as a ranking against another metal.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Electrical resistivity",
        "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Max continuous temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep bare wire below the Kanthal guide value for its diameter (900 °C for 1.00 mm).",
      "Do not use it in reducing, alternating or vacuum atmospheres (Kanthal).",
      "Treat grinding or welding fume as possibly containing nickel and chromium compounds (Airgas sheet)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Positive leg of a Type K or Type E thermocouple, with a usable range of about -200 °C to 1260 °C (Concept Alloys).",
      "Oxidation resistance in air: up to 1,100 °C in oxidizing atmospheres (Advent RM).",
      "Annealed wire with 95 ksi tensile strength and 35 % elongation (Concept Alloys)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Atmosphere: Kanthal excludes reducing, alternating and vacuum service, and gives no corrosion rate.",
      "Strength falls with temperature: Rp0.2 of 244 MPa at 300 °C and 217 MPa at 500 °C (Kanthal). No creep data are printed.",
      "Thermal expansion differs by about 30 % between Kanthal (17 ppm/K) and Concept Alloys (13.1 ppm/K).",
      "Hazard classification of the alloy itself was not found: the PubChem and Airgas data are for nickel metal and nickel wire."
    ],
    "verdict": "Chromel-P is a nickel-chromium thermocouple leg rated to about 1100 °C in oxidizing air, with a melting point of 1430 °C and a density of 8.72 g/cm3. It is well documented as the positive leg of Type K, but the profile has no creep, corrosion-rate, outgassing or radiation values, and its atmosphere limits are the main constraint.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Chromel is a two-element alloy of nickel and chromium, nominally 90 % nickel and 10 % chromium by mass (Concept Alloys, Wikipedia). The Kanthal datasheet gives Cr 10.0 %, Si 0.5 % and nickel as the balance.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy (Concept Alloys nominal composition; Kanthal gives Ni as the balance).",
          "share_percent": 90
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the chromium oxide scale that gives the alloy its oxidation resistance in air (Advent RM, Concept Alloys).",
          "share_percent": 10
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Chromel is about 90 % nickel. The sources do not classify the 90/10 alloy itself, so the nickel and chromium raw materials are the better guide.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel metal",
            "line": "PubChem's GHS aggregate for nickel metal includes H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction) and H351 (suspected of causing cancer), each reported by 100 % of notifiers."
          },
          {
            "label": "Supplier classification",
            "line": "The Airgas nickel wire and rod sheet is Not Classified under GHS and carries a California Proposition 65 statement for cancer and birth defects."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed classification"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are atmosphere and temperature. The datasheets give limits but no failure rates.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Wrong atmosphere",
            "line": "Kanthal excludes reducing, alternating oxidizing and reducing, and vacuum service. The sources give no corrosion rate for those cases."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fine bare wire",
            "line": "The Kanthal guide value for bare wire falls from 1050 °C at 3.26 mm to 710 °C at 0.25 mm."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep it below the guide",
            "line": "Keep bare wire below the Kanthal guide value for its diameter, and below the 1100 °C Advent oxidizing-air limit."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Concept Alloys values are from the Chromel-P datasheet PDF. Kanthal values are from the Thermothal P datasheet read through a page summary. Advent RM and Thermometrics values come from fetched pages. Unreachable or not used in this run: the Thermometrics URL found in search returned 404 and the working page was used instead; the ASM Alloy Digest entry is paywalled. Caveats: the Kanthal guide values do not state their atmosphere; the thermal-expansion values disagree between Kanthal and Concept Alloys; the PubChem GHS record is for nickel metal; the Airgas SDS is for nickel wire and rod."
  },
  "sources": {
    "concept-chromel-p": {
      "title": "Chromel-P Technical Data Sheet, Concept Alloys, Inc. (rev. 12-23-09)",
      "url": "https://conceptalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chromel-PGMVdatasheet091223.pdf",
      "year": 2009,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "kanthal-thermothal-p": {
      "title": "Thermothal P material datasheet (Kanthal)",
      "url": "https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/datasheets/material-datasheets/wire/thermocouple-wire/thermothal-p/",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "advent-chromel": {
      "title": "Advent RM: Chromel (Ni90/Cr10) alloy page",
      "url": "https://www.advent-rm.com/en-gb/products/alloys/chromel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "thermometrics-typek": {
      "title": "Thermocouple Type K (Thermometrics)",
      "url": "https://thermometricscorp.com/typek.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-chromel": {
      "title": "Chromel (Wikipedia)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel-ghs": {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS Classification",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (public domain, NIH)"
    },
    "airgas-nickel-sds": {
      "title": "Safety Data Sheet, Nickel Wire and Rod (Airgas), SDS number 011-Ni Wire and Rod",
      "url": "https://www.airgas.com/msds/005727.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/chromel/"
}