{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "cellulose-acetate",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "engineering-polymers",
  "name": "Cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose esters for films, fibres, moulded parts and coatings",
  "abbreviation": "CA, CAB",
  "role": "Cellulose ester thermoplastic for film, fibre, moulded and extruded parts, and coatings",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "cellulosics",
  "summary": "Cellulose acetate (CA) is cellulose with part of its hydroxyl groups converted to acetate esters. Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) also carries butyrate esters, which lower the glass transition: the Chalmers films fall from 193 °C for CA to 109 °C for the highest-butyryl CAB. Eastman sells Tenite grades of both for injection moulding, extrusion and coatings. Its CAB selector chart prints a specific gravity of 1.16 to 1.21 and a 1.82 MPa heat deflection of 52 to 86 °C across plasticizer levels of 3 to 23 %. Its CA selector chart prints a specific gravity of 1.26 to 1.29 and a 1.82 MPa heat deflection of 50 to 87 °C across plasticizer levels of 19 to 37 %.\n",
  "best_for": "Injection-moulded and extruded parts that carry a load up to about 85 to 95 °C, with low plasticizer grades giving the highest heat deflection and stiffness, and CAB where a lower glass transition and an outdoor-stabilised formulation are wanted.",
  "weakest_at": "Heat above about 90 °C under load, water uptake of 1.2 to 2.6 % by 24 h immersion, and UV: outdoor use needs UV inhibitors, and the Eastman weathering note says deterioration depends on humidity and temperature as well as radiation.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "[C6H7O2(OH)3-m(OOCCH3)m]n, m = 0 to 3 (cellulose acetate); CAB adds butyrate (OOCC3H7) ester groups on part of the hydroxyl positions",
    "cas": "9004-35-7",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "CAS",
        "code": "9004-35-7",
        "source": "chemicalbook-ca-sds",
        "where": "CAS number field, cellulose acetate page"
      },
      {
        "system": "CAS",
        "code": "9004-36-8",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 03, sole constituent cellulose acetate butyrate, 100 %"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Cellulose acetate butyrate",
        "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
        "where": "Title line: Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Cellulose acetate",
        "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
        "where": "Title line: Tenite cellulose acetate, Formula 105"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wikipedia-ca",
    "where": "Lead paragraph (cellulose acetate, ester of cellulose and acetic acid); Production section; formula from chemicalbook-ca-sds"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "optics-and-cameras",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, cellulose acetate (general)",
      "value": 1.26,
      "value_high": 1.31,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "cellulose acetate, general (no grade or plasticizer given)",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Chemical and physical properties section of the Wikipedia article on cellulose acetate, as \"between 1.26 and 1.31 g/cm³\"",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wikipedia-ca",
      "where": "Chemical and physical properties section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Cellulose acetate",
        "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate, read 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (text)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 1.26,
      "value_high": 1.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D792",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Specific gravity, D792, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart; the datasheet prints no unit, so the value is dimensionless",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Formula 105 selector chart, Specific gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 1.16,
      "value_high": 1.21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D792",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Specific gravity, D792, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart; the datasheet prints no unit, so the value is dimensionless",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Selector chart, Specific gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, cellulose acetate (hot-melt pressed film)",
      "value": 193,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hot-melt pressed film of cellulose acetate, from the Chalmers study",
        "test": "DSC"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the text of section 3.2 as the Tg of the hot-melt pressed CA film (the powder value is 191 °C, in parentheses in Table 3)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chalmers-ca-2022",
      "where": "Section 3.2, first paragraph on Tg; Table 3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nilsson et al., Screening of hydrogen bonds in modified cellulose acetates with alkyl chain substitutions",
        "id": "doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119188 (Carbohydrate Polymers 285, 119188)",
        "url": "https://research.chalmers.se/publication/528876/file/528876_Fulltext.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access, Chalmers repository"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
      "label": "Glass transition temperature, CAB III (hot-melt pressed film, highest butyryl content studied)",
      "value": 109,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "hot-melt pressed film of CAB III",
        "test": "DSC"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the text of section 3.2 as the Tg of CABIII films, the end of the CA to CAB series",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "chalmers-ca-2022",
      "where": "Section 3.2, first paragraph on Tg",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Nilsson et al., Screening of hydrogen bonds in modified cellulose acetates with alkyl chain substitutions",
        "id": "doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119188 (Carbohydrate Polymers 285, 119188)",
        "url": "https://research.chalmers.se/publication/528876/file/528876_Fulltext.pdf",
        "year": 2022,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "open access, Chalmers repository"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 17.2,
      "value_high": 45.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Tensile stress at yield, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Tensile stress at yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at break, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 53.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Tensile stress at break, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Tensile stress at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 50,
      "value_high": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Elongation at break, %, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Elongation at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 827,
      "value_high": 1862,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D790",
        "rate": "1.27 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Flexural modulus, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Flexural modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural yield strength, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 21.4,
      "value_high": 63.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D790",
        "rate": "1.27 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Flexural yield strength, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Flexural yield strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact at 23 °C, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 139,
      "value_high": 448,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D256",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Izod impact strength, notched, J/m at 23 °C across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Izod impact strength notched row, 23 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact at -40 °C, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 80,
      "value_high": 123,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D256",
        "temperature": "-40 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Izod impact strength, notched, J/m at -40 °C across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Izod impact strength notched row, -40 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 52,
      "value_high": 86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "load": "1.82 MPa (264 psi)",
        "test": "ASTM D648",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Deflection temperature, 1.82 MPa, conditioned 4 hr at 70 °C, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 1.82 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 0.455 MPa, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 68,
      "value_high": 96,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "load": "0.455 MPa (66 psi)",
        "test": "ASTM D648",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Deflection temperature, 0.455 MPa, conditioned 4 hr at 70 °C, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 0.455 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vicat_softening_temperature",
      "label": "Vicat softening temperature, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 88,
      "value_high": 121,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D1525",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Vicat softening temperature across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Vicat softening temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, 24 h immersion, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 1.2,
      "value_high": 1.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D570",
        "exposure": "24 h immersion"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Water absorption (24 hr immersion), %, across the plasticizer columns of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Water absorption row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "weight_loss_on_heating",
      "label": "Weight loss on heating, 72 h at 80 °C, Tenite Butyrate CAB (plasticizer 3 to 23 %)",
      "value": 0.15,
      "value_high": 1.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate, Formulas 264 to 576",
        "plasticizer": "3 to 23 %",
        "test": "ASTM D707",
        "exposure": "72 h at 80 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Weight loss on heating (72 hr @ 80 °C), %, across the plasticizer columns; not a canonical property name, listed in gaps",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Weight loss on heating row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat at 23 °C, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 1.26,
      "value_high": 1.67,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kJ/kg·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "test": "DSC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Specific heat @ 23°C (73°F) (DSC) in the miscellaneous butyrate properties block of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Specific heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 0.17,
      "value_high": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM C177",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Thermal conductivity (ASTM C177) in the miscellaneous butyrate properties block of the CAB selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Thermal conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 11,
      "value_high": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^-5 mm/mm·°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D696",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 11 to 17 x 10^-5 mm/mm·°C (6 to 9 x 10^-5 in./in.·°F); kept in the printed unit, which is 11 to 17 ppm/K in the canonical unit",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Coefficient of linear thermal expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 11.8,
      "value_high": 18.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D149",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 11.8 to 18.7 kV/mm (300 to 475 V/mil) in the miscellaneous butyrate properties block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Dielectric strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 MHz, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 3.3,
      "value_high": 3.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "test": "ASTM D150"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 3.3 to 3.8 in the miscellaneous butyrate properties block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Dielectric constant row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "refractive_index",
      "label": "Refractive index, Tenite Butyrate CAB",
      "value": 1.46,
      "value_high": 1.49,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D542",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 1.46 to 1.49 in the miscellaneous butyrate properties block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
      "where": "Miscellaneous butyrate properties, Refractive index row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
        "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at yield, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 19.3,
      "value_high": 52.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Tensile stress at yield, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Tensile stress at yield row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress at break, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 24.1,
      "value_high": 55.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Tensile stress at break, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Tensile stress at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 20,
      "value_high": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D638",
        "rate": "50 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Elongation at break, %, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Elongation at break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 1034,
      "value_high": 2896,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D790",
        "rate": "1.27 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Flexural modulus, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Flexural modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural yield strength, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 27.6,
      "value_high": 91.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D790",
        "rate": "1.27 mm/min",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Flexural yield strength, MPa, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Flexural yield strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact at 23 °C, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 117,
      "value_high": 257,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D256",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Izod impact strength, notched, J/m at 23 °C across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Izod impact strength notched row, 23 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
      "label": "Notched Izod impact at -40 °C, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 37,
      "value_high": 59,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D256",
        "temperature": "-40 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Izod impact strength, notched, J/m at -40 °C across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Mechanical block, Izod impact strength notched row, -40 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 50,
      "value_high": 87,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "load": "1.82 MPa (264 psi)",
        "test": "ASTM D648",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Deflection temperature, 1.82 MPa, conditioned 4 hr at 70 °C, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 1.82 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 0.455 MPa, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 65,
      "value_high": 95,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "load": "0.455 MPa (66 psi)",
        "test": "ASTM D648",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Deflection temperature, 0.455 MPa, conditioned 4 hr at 70 °C, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 0.455 MPa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "vicat_softening_temperature",
      "label": "Vicat softening temperature, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 90,
      "value_high": 126,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D1525",
        "conditioning": "4 h at 70 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Vicat softening temperature across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Vicat softening temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, 24 h immersion, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 2.3,
      "value_high": 2.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D570",
        "exposure": "24 h immersion"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Water absorption (24 hr immersion), %, across the plasticizer columns of the Formula 105 selector chart",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Water absorption row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "weight_loss_on_heating",
      "label": "Weight loss on heating, 72 h at 80 °C, Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105 (plasticizer 19 to 37 %)",
      "value": 0.3,
      "value_high": 6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Tenite cellulose acetate Formula 105, heat stabilised",
        "plasticizer": "19 to 37 %",
        "test": "ASTM D706",
        "exposure": "72 h at 80 °C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Weight loss on heating (72 hr @ 80 °C), %, across the plasticizer columns; not a canonical property name, listed in gaps",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Weight loss on heating row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
        "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
        "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
        "year": 2020,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Outdoor UV and sunlight",
      "headline": "Outdoor UV breaks the chains of cellulose esters; Eastman says its best outdoor butyrate formulations should remain useful for at least five years outdoors.",
      "effect": "Ultraviolet light causes chain scission, and in the presence of oxygen it causes oxidation; infrared warms the plastic and speeds both. Protection comes from UV inhibitors (UVIs) that absorb UV, and from antioxidants against oxidation. Eastman prints the five-year figure for its special outdoor formulations of Tenite butyrate, not for general-purpose grades.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "outdoor, continental United States and comparable climates",
        "stabiliser": "special outdoor formulations with UV inhibitors"
      },
      "source": "eastman-weathering",
      "where": "Introduction and Factors that influence weathering damage, opening pages"
    },
    {
      "environment": "UV wavelength in sunlight",
      "headline": "Photodegradation of cellulose acetate is driven by UV at 280 nm or shorter.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia article on cellulose acetate prints the UV photodegradation wavelength as 280 nm or shorter, in its disposal and degradation section. It gives no exposure time or intensity, so this is a wavelength limit, not a service life.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "wavelength": "280 nm or shorter"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-ca",
      "where": "Disposal and degradation section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humidity and moisture (24 h immersion)",
      "headline": "Water absorption of 2.3 to 2.6 % by weight after 24 h immersion for the Formula 105 cellulose acetate, and 1.2 to 1.8 % for CAB.",
      "effect": "Water uptake is measured here only as 24 h immersion. The Chalmers study finds that the glass transition of these esters rises with the number of hydroxyl groups, and that water absorption rises with the same hydroxyl content, so less-substituted grades take up more water.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "24 h immersion",
        "test": "ASTM D570"
      },
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Water absorption row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat before use (72 h at 80 °C)",
      "headline": "Weight loss on heating after 72 h at 80 °C runs from 0.3 to 6.0 % for Formula 105 and 0.15 to 1.2 % for CAB, rising with plasticizer content.",
      "effect": "The printed weight loss rises with plasticizer level in both datasheets, which suggests plasticizer loss. No source gives a strength or colour change after this test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "72 h at 80 °C"
      },
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Permanence block, Weight loss on heating row"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat in service under load",
      "headline": "Heat deflection under 1.82 MPa is 50 to 87 °C for CA and 52 to 86 °C for CAB across the plasticizer range; the lower-plasticizer grades hold the most heat.",
      "effect": "After conditioning for 4 h at 70 °C, the heat deflection temperature falls as the plasticizer level rises, so low-plasticizer grades give the highest service temperature and the highest flexural modulus in both datasheets.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "load": "1.82 MPa (264 psi)",
        "test": "ASTM D648"
      },
      "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
      "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 1.82 MPa row"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Eastman CAB safety data sheet for CAB-551-0.01, read through the NextSDS aggregator, classifies the product as combustible dust (EUH014, May form combustible dust concentrations in air) with signal word Warning and no H-codes.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 02, classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fine airborne CAB dust at sufficient concentration, with an ignition source, is a potential dust explosion hazard, according to the same Eastman SDS.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 05, fire-fighting measures"
      },
      {
        "text": "A supplier SDS for cellulose acetate (CAS 9004-35-7) gives no GHS symbol, signal word, hazard or precautionary statements (No data available). It states the material is not classified as explosive and is not dangerous goods for road, rail, sea or air transport.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "chemicalbook-ca-sds",
        "where": "GHS and transport fields"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cellulose acetate SDS fire notes: use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide; special hazard is carbon oxides; wear self-contained breathing apparatus if necessary.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "chemicalbook-ca-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting notes"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Softening under load in service",
        "trigger": "Service above about 87 °C under 1.82 MPa for the stiffest CA grade, or above about 96 °C under 0.455 MPa for the CAB at 3 % plasticizer",
        "consequence": "The part deflects under load once the heat deflection temperature is passed; lower plasticizer grades hold the most heat.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
        "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature rows"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Dust explosion during handling of powder or pellets",
        "trigger": "Fine CAB dust in air at high concentration with an ignition source, as the Eastman SDS states",
        "consequence": "Potential dust explosion; the SDS advises no solid water stream and recommends water spray, dry chemical or CO2 for fires.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 05"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Static ignition during solvent mixing",
        "trigger": "Mixing CAB into nonpolar hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, which builds static charge",
        "consequence": "Risk of flash fire or explosion; the SDS advises an inert gas atmosphere when adding the ester to a flammable liquid.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 07, handling and storage"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Low impact strength at low temperature",
        "trigger": "Impact at -40 °C on the Formula 105 cellulose acetate grades",
        "consequence": "Notched Izod impact falls to 37 to 59 J/m at -40 °C, against 117 to 257 J/m at 23 °C across the same plasticizer range.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "eastman-ca-selector",
        "where": "Mechanical block, Izod impact notched rows"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of properties in outdoor UV",
        "trigger": "Outdoor exposure without UV inhibitors, under sunlight and humidity",
        "consequence": "Chain scission and oxidation; the Eastman weathering note ties deterioration to the cellulose ester, plasticizer, stabiliser, UV wavelength, temperature and humidity.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "eastman-weathering",
        "where": "Introduction and Factors that influence weathering damage"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Molten CAB can cause burns; the Eastman SDS says burns from molten material need physician treatment and skin should be cooled with cold water.",
        "affects": "Operators during moulding and extrusion",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 04, first aid"
      },
      {
        "text": "Decomposition products in a fire are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, per the Eastman SDS; the cellulose acetate SDS also names carbon oxides.",
        "affects": "People and equipment near a fire",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 10, stability and reactivity"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames and hot surfaces, and take action to prevent static discharge, per the Eastman CAB SDS precautionary statements P210 and P243.",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 02, precautionary statements"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep incompatible strong oxidising agents away; the Eastman SDS lists them as incompatible.",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 10"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dispose of contents and container at an approved facility under applicable regulations (P501).",
        "source": "nextsds-cab",
        "where": "Section 02, precautionary statements"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Choose a formulation with UV inhibitors for outdoor use; Eastman says its best outdoor butyrate formulations are expected to remain useful for at least five years outdoors.",
        "source": "eastman-weathering",
        "where": "Introduction"
      },
      {
        "text": "Pick the plasticizer level for the heat and stiffness the part needs: the 3 % plasticizer CAB gives a 1.82 MPa heat deflection of 86 °C, against 52 °C at 23 %.",
        "source": "eastman-cab-selector",
        "where": "Thermal block, Deflection temperature 1.82 MPa row"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "optics-and-cameras",
      "device": "Photographic and motion-picture film base",
      "example": "Cellulose acetate replaced nitrate as the film base for photography and was used for motion-picture camera negatives; it was also used for magnetic tape base until PET film replaced it in 1956.",
      "source": "wikipedia-ca",
      "where": "Uses, Films"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Injection-moulded and extruded parts (Tenite butyrate)",
      "example": "Eastman says Tenite butyrate has been used in an array of injection moulding and extrusion applications, and that it has become one of the best-known and most widely used cellulosic thermoplastics.",
      "source": "eastman-weathering",
      "where": "Opening text, first page"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Cellulose feedstock for cellulose acetate and CAB: wood pulp or cotton linters",
      "abundance": "Wood pulp or cotton linters are pretreated, acetylated, partly hydrolysed, precipitated as flakes, washed and dried before the flakes are dissolved in acetone and spun into fibre (Wikipedia). Eastman describes its cellulose esters as plastics made from wood pulp, a renewable resource.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ca",
      "where": "Production section; Eastman CAB selector chart, footer line"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Global cellulose acetate production",
      "abundance": "Over 800000 tonnes per year in 2008, per the Wikipedia article (the only production volume found for this polymer).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ca",
      "where": "Disposal and degradation section"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, SP-TRS-10277 (12/19)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105, SP-TRS-10332 (1/20)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Eastman, Weathering of Tenite butyrate, SP-TRS-10080",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10080.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Nilsson et al., Screening of hydrogen bonds in modified cellulose acetates with alkyl chain substitutions, Carbohydrate Polymers 285 (2022) 119188",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://research.chalmers.se/publication/528876/file/528876_Fulltext.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Eastman CAB-551-0.01 safety data sheet (read through NextSDS)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://nextsds.com/sds/en/281331501297661/eastman-tm-cellulose-acetate-butyrate-cab-551-0-01"
    },
    {
      "title": "ChemicalBook safety data sheet, cellulose acetate (CAS 9004-35-7)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/celluloseacetate.htm"
    },
    {
      "title": "Jiangsu Yunjian, Technical Data Sheet, CAB-381-0.1 cellulose acetate butyrate",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://img.chemicalbook.com/ProductImageEN1/ProductDoc/2025-05-20/202505201614020432548.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No glass transition or heat deflection value for a commercial Eastman CA or CAB grade: the Eastman datasheets print no Tg, and the SpecialChem and Prospector pages that list them are behind a login.",
    "No space flight, vacuum, outgassing (TML or CVCM) or radiation test result for CA or CAB was found in a source we could open. The NASA search returned polyimide and general outgassing reports only.",
    "The Springer paper on CAB ageing under UV, humidity, heat and X-rays (J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., doi 10.1007/s10967-016-5083-z) redirects to a login page, so no CAB ageing numbers are given.",
    "No PubChem CID or GHS record was found: PubChem returns no compound for the name or CAS, and the PubChem pages are blocked by a browser check.",
    "The Eastman CAB SDS in full (revision date, section 11 toxicology, section 14 transport) was not accessible: NextSDS shows sections 12, 13 and 15 as not processed and section 11 as missing.",
    "The Chalmers Table 3 water absorption column is not readable in the text layer, so the Chalmers water values are not used; water absorption comes from the Eastman 24 h immersion test.",
    "Producer countries and shares for cellulose acetate and CAB were not found in a source we could open, and no acetic acid or acetic anhydride supply source was read.",
    "The Eastman weathering charts (tensile and impact after Arizona exposure) are graphs; the printed numbers were not extracted.",
    "No atomic weights are given in a fetched source, so the recipe parts carry no atomic_weight field.",
    "Weight loss on heating is not a canonical property name in spores/property-canon.yaml; it is a short snake_case name.",
    "The Eastman CA selector chart prints a miscellaneous block headed butyrate properties; it is not used for CA.",
    "The Eastman Formula 105 and CAB sheets list typical values only and give no plasticizer-to-formula map, so each value is given as a plasticizer range, not as a named grade.",
    "The CAB composition (butyryl 35.5 to 41.5 %, acetyl 10 to 18 %, hydroxyl 0 to 3 %) comes from a Chinese supplier sheet for CAB-381-0.1, not from Eastman."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate are cellulose esters made from wood pulp or cotton linters. They can be moulded, extruded, spun into fibre, cast as film and used as coatings, according to Wikipedia and the Eastman datasheets. The butyrate in CAB lowers the glass transition: the Chalmers films fall from 193 °C for CA to 109 °C for the highest-butyryl CAB. Eastman's selector charts show that plasticizer level sets the trade-off between heat resistance and toughness.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Photographic and motion-picture film base",
        "line": "Cellulose acetate was the film base for photography and motion-picture negatives, and it was also used for magnetic tape until PET replaced it in 1956 (Wikipedia)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Injection-moulded and extruded parts",
        "line": "Eastman says Tenite butyrate has been used in an array of injection moulding and extrusion applications, and is one of the most widely used cellulosic thermoplastics."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stiffness and heat at low plasticizer",
        "line": "The 3 % plasticizer CAB has a heat deflection of 86 °C at 1.82 MPa and 96 °C at 0.455 MPa, after conditioning for 4 h at 70 °C. Its flexural modulus is 1862 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "86 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Glass transition",
        "line": "The Chalmers hot-pressed CA film has a glass transition of 193 °C. The highest-butyryl CAB film falls to 109 °C.",
        "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "193 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Room-temperature toughness",
        "line": "The Formula 105 cellulose acetate has a notched Izod of 117 to 257 J/m at 23 °C across 19 to 37 % plasticizer. At -40 °C it falls to 37 to 59 J/m.",
        "benchmark": "notched_izod_impact",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "117 to 257 J/m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Specific gravity runs from 1.16 to 1.21 for CAB and from 1.26 to 1.29 for CA, across the plasticizer ranges printed in the Eastman charts.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.16 to 1.29"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "CA and CAB are cellulose esters made from wood pulp or cotton linters. PLA is a polyester made from lactic acid, which is made by fermenting plant sugars (see its own profile), so the two are both bio-based but differ in chemistry. CA has a glass transition of 193 °C in the Chalmers film and CAB is lower, while the heat deflection of both depends on plasticizer level. Pick CA or CAB where the cellulose ester's heat and stiffness range fits, and PLA where a polyester is needed.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Glass transition temperature (CA film)",
        "benchmark": "glass_transition_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat deflection temperature at 1.82 MPa",
        "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Water absorption",
        "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep the powder dry, sealed and away from heat, sparks and open flames.",
      "Control dust and static when the powder is handled or mixed with solvents.",
      "Use a UV-stabilised grade for outdoor parts.",
      "Pick the plasticizer level for the heat the part must survive; low plasticizer gives the highest heat deflection."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Moulded and extruded parts that must hold shape to about 85 to 95 °C under load, from low-plasticizer grades.",
      "Films, fibres and coatings, the forms that the Wikipedia article's uses section names.",
      "Outdoor parts with UV inhibitors, where Eastman expects five years of service."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Water uptake of 1.2 to 2.6 % by 24 h immersion, which changes stiffness and heat resistance.",
      "Low-temperature impact: notched Izod falls to 37 to 59 J/m at -40 °C for the Formula 105 grades.",
      "Dust explosion and static hazards in powder handling, per the Eastman CAB SDS."
    ],
    "verdict": "CA and CAB are mature cellulose esters with a usable heat range and good stiffness at low plasticizer. Their weak points are water uptake, UV without stabilisers, and dust and static in handling. No space flight data were found, so they cannot be called space-qualified.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Cellulose acetate is cellulose with part of its hydroxyl groups converted to acetate esters. Cellulose acetate butyrate also carries butyrate esters. Wood pulp or cotton linters are acetylated, partly hydrolysed and precipitated as flakes, which are dissolved in acetone to make fibre or moulding resin (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Anhydroglucose unit",
          "symbol": "C6 ring",
          "role": "The cellulose backbone repeat unit. Each unit has three hydroxyl groups that can be esterified."
        },
        {
          "name": "Acetyl group",
          "symbol": "COCH3",
          "role": "Esterifies the hydroxyl groups; a diacetate carries about two acetyl groups for every three hydroxyls (Wikipedia)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Butyryl group (CAB only)",
          "symbol": "COC3H7",
          "role": "Replaces part of the acetyl groups in CAB. The CAB-381-0.1 supplier sheet gives butyryl 35.5 to 41.5 %, acetyl 10 to 18 %, hydroxyl 0 to 3 %."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Cellulose acetate and CAB are not classified as hazardous in the sources read, apart from the combustible-dust statement in the Eastman CAB SDS.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The resin",
            "line": "The cellulose acetate SDS gives no GHS hazard data. The Eastman CAB SDS gives no H-codes and classifies the powder as combustible dust (EUH014)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Fine dust in air can form an explosive mixture with an ignition source. Keep dust down and avoid sparks."
          },
          {
            "label": "Molten material",
            "line": "Molten CAB causes burns; the SDS advises cold-water cooling and physician treatment."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Low acute hazard, but a combustible dust"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the material burns",
        "lead": "Fire data come from the SDS, not from field incidents.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Fire",
            "line": "Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or CO2. Do not use a solid water stream, which may spread the fire."
          },
          {
            "label": "Decomposition",
            "line": "Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are the decomposition products named in the SDS. The SDS also warns of static build-up when CAB is added to toluene or xylene."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and service",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Keep away from heat, sparks and open flames, prevent static discharge, and keep strong oxidisers apart from CAB."
          },
          {
            "label": "Outdoors",
            "line": "Use a UV-stabilised formulation. Eastman expects its best outdoor butyrate formulations to remain useful for at least five years outdoors."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 35,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from Eastman selector charts, Wikipedia, the Chalmers 2022 paper and two SDS sources. 35 properties are sourced; the Springer CAB ageing paper, PubChem, and the full Eastman SDS could not be opened."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wikipedia-ca": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Cellulose acetate",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate, read 2026-10-26",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (text)"
    },
    "eastman-cab-selector": {
      "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate butyrate selector chart, Formulas 264, 285, 485, 530, 550, 565, 575, 576",
      "id": "SP-TRS-10277, 12/19",
      "url": "https://www.dev-cs.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10277.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "eastman-ca-selector": {
      "title": "Eastman, Tenite cellulose acetate selector chart, Formula 105",
      "id": "SP-TRS-10332, 1/20",
      "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10332.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "eastman-weathering": {
      "title": "Eastman, Weathering of Tenite butyrate",
      "id": "SP-TRS-10080",
      "url": "https://www.eastman.com/content/dam/eastman/corporate/en/literature/s/sptrs10080.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Eastman literature, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "chalmers-ca-2022": {
      "title": "Nilsson et al., Screening of hydrogen bonds in modified cellulose acetates with alkyl chain substitutions",
      "id": "doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119188 (Carbohydrate Polymers 285, 119188)",
      "url": "https://research.chalmers.se/publication/528876/file/528876_Fulltext.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access, Chalmers repository"
    },
    "nextsds-cab": {
      "title": "Eastman CAB-551-0.01 safety data sheet (read through the NextSDS aggregator)",
      "id": "NextSDS listing 281331501297661, revision date not stated",
      "url": "https://nextsds.com/sds/en/281331501297661/eastman-tm-cellulose-acetate-butyrate-cab-551-0-01",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "SDS, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "chemicalbook-ca-sds": {
      "title": "ChemicalBook, cellulose acetate safety data sheet (CAS 9004-35-7)",
      "id": "CAS 9004-35-7",
      "url": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/celluloseacetate.htm",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "SDS, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/cellulose-acetate/"
}