{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "carbon-fibre",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-materials",
  "name": "Carbon fibre (PAN-based, pitch-based) and carbon/carbon",
  "abbreviation": "CF",
  "role": "reinforcing fibre",
  "category": "composites",
  "type": "carbon-fiber-reinforced",
  "summary": "Carbon fibre is a filament of mostly carbon, made by carbonising a precursor fibre. The PAN-based grades read here are Teijin Tenax HTA40 and UMS40 and Toray Torayca T700S. Tenax UMS40 is rated at 4700 MPa and 390 GPa along the fibre, and T700S at 4900 MPa and 230 GPa. Mitsubishi's pitch-based K63712 is stiffer, at 92 Msi, but breaks at only 0.4 %. Carbon/carbon, a carbon-fibre composite with a carbon matrix, was used for the Space Shuttle wing leading edge and nose cap, but unprotected material loses weight quickly in air above about 500 C.\n",
  "best_for": "Stiffness and strength per unit mass along the fibre: 390 GPa at 1.79 g/cm3 for Tenax UMS40 (datasheet values)",
  "weakest_at": "Oxidation in air above about 500 C when uncoated (NASA), and very low strain to failure in the pitch-based K63712 (0.4 %)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Carbon filament, over 99 % carbon for the pitch-based K63712 grade; PAN-based grades are carbonised polyacrylonitrile",
    "cas": "7782-42-5",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "toray-t700s",
    "where": "Introduction and Fiber Properties table of the Torayca T700S data sheet (grade and density); CAS number is printed on the Rave high-purity carbon fibre SDS (generic carbon CAS, not a grade-specific number)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "re-entry"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "heat-shields",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex fibre",
      "value": 4100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex (PAN-based), bare filament",
        "basis": "typical value in the product overview"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview, MPa column (590 ksi printed alongside)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row HTA40 E13 3K 200tex 15Z, tensile strength columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex fibre",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex (PAN-based), bare filament",
        "basis": "first printed modulus pair (240 GPa, 35 Msi); a second test method in the same row prints 230 GPa (33 Msi)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview; the German product sheet gives 240 GPa for the same grade",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row HTA40 E13 3K 200tex 15Z, modulus columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex fibre",
      "value": 1.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex, bare filament"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row HTA40 E13 3K 200tex 15Z, elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex fibre",
      "value": 1.77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax HTA40 E13 3K 200tex, bare filament"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row HTA40 E13 3K 200tex 15Z, density column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex fibre",
      "value": 4700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex (PAN-based, ultra-high modulus), bare filament",
        "sizing": "S (PU, 1.0 %)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview, MPa column (680 ksi printed alongside)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row UMS40 F23 24K 800tex S, tensile strength columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex fibre",
      "value": 390,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex, bare filament",
        "basis": "first printed modulus pair (390 GPa, 57 Msi); the second test method in the same row prints 375 GPa (54 Msi)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview; the German product sheet also gives 390 GPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row UMS40 F23 24K 800tex S, modulus columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex fibre",
      "value": 1.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex, bare filament"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row UMS40 F23 24K 800tex S, elongation column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex fibre",
      "value": 1.79,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS40 F23 24K 800tex, bare filament"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin product overview",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-overview",
      "where": "Product overview table, row UMS40 F23 24K 800tex S, density column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Torayca T700S carbon fibre (single fibre)",
      "value": 4900,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based), 12k and 24k tows, standard modulus",
        "unit_in_source": "500 kgf/mm2 (printed as 4900 (500) MPa (kgf/mm2))"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray fibre properties table (test method TY-QA-002)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Fiber properties table, row Tensile Strength, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": 230,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based)",
        "unit_in_source": "23.5 (103 kgf/mm2)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray fibre properties table (test method TY-QA-002)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Fiber properties table, row Tensile Modulus, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": 2.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray fibre properties table (test method TY-QA-002)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Fiber properties table, row Elongation, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": 1.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray fibre properties table (test method TY-QA-003)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Fiber properties table, row Density, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": -0.38,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based), fibre axis",
        "unit_in_source": "alpha 10-6/C (printed as CTE alpha10-6/C, value -0.38)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray functional properties table; 10-6/C equals ppm/K",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Functional properties table, row CTE",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": 0.18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Cal/g.°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.18 Cal/g.C"
      },
      "method": "Printed value in Cal/g.C, converted to J/(kg K) on import (1 cal/(g K) = 4184 J/(kg K))",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Functional properties table, row Specific Heat, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Torayca T700S carbon fibre",
      "value": 9.37,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S (PAN-based)",
        "unit_in_source": "0.0224 Cal/cm.S.C"
      },
      "method": "Converted by Space Mushroom: 0.0224 cal/(cm s K) times 418.4 gives 9.37 W/(m K); the printed value is 0.0224 Cal/cm.S.C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Functional properties table, row Thermal Conductivity, nominal value",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Torayca T700S in a Toray 2500 epoxy composite",
      "value": 2550,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S, Toray 2500 resin (120 C cure), normalised to 60 % fibre volume",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "layup": "not stated in the datasheet",
        "unit_in_source": "260 kgf/mm2 (printed as 2550 (260) MPa)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray composite properties table; a composite value, not a fibre value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Composite properties table, row Tensile Strength, footnote on Toray 2500 and 60 % fibre volume",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Torayca T700S in a Toray 2500 epoxy composite",
      "value": 135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Torayca T700S, Toray 2500 resin (120 C cure), normalised to 60 % fibre volume",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in the Toray composite properties table; a composite value, not a fibre value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Composite properties table, row Tensile Modulus, footnote as above",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
        "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
        "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Mitsubishi K63712 pitch-based fibre",
      "value": 380,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "K63712, coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre, 12k, untwisted",
        "unit_in_source": "380 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Printed value in ksi, converted to MPa on import (1 ksi = 6.894757 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mitsubishi-k63712",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
        "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Mitsubishi K63712 pitch-based fibre",
      "value": 92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Msi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "K63712, coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre, 12k, untwisted",
        "unit_in_source": "92 Msi"
      },
      "method": "Printed value in Msi, converted to GPa on import (1 Msi = 6.894757 GPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mitsubishi-k63712",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Tensile Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
        "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Ultimate elongation, Mitsubishi K63712 pitch-based fibre",
      "value": 0.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "K63712, coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mitsubishi-k63712",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Ult Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
        "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Mitsubishi K63712 pitch-based fibre",
      "value": 2.12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "K63712, coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mitsubishi-k63712",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
        "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Mitsubishi K63712 pitch-based fibre",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "K63712, coal tar pitch-based carbon fibre"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mitsubishi-k63712",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
        "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
        "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_change",
      "label": "Weight change after 0.5 h in air at 500 C, unprotected reinforced carbon/carbon",
      "value": -2.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3 reinforced carbon/carbon, uncoated, small cubes",
        "atmosphere": "5 torr air",
        "time": "0.5 h"
      },
      "method": "Weight change printed in NASA oxidation study, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Section 3.1, Table 2, row 500",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon",
        "id": "NASA NTRS 20060005054; N. S. Jacobson (NASA Glenn), D. M. Curry (NASA Johnson Space Center)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA NTRS public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_change",
      "label": "Weight change after 0.5 h in air at 800 C, unprotected reinforced carbon/carbon",
      "value": -27,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3 reinforced carbon/carbon, uncoated, small cubes",
        "atmosphere": "5 torr air",
        "time": "0.5 h"
      },
      "method": "Weight change printed in NASA oxidation study, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Section 3.1, Table 2, row 800",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon",
        "id": "NASA NTRS 20060005054; N. S. Jacobson (NASA Glenn), D. M. Curry (NASA Johnson Space Center)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA NTRS public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_change",
      "label": "Weight change after 0.5 h in air at 1100 C, unprotected reinforced carbon/carbon",
      "value": -68.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3 reinforced carbon/carbon, uncoated, small cubes",
        "atmosphere": "5 torr air",
        "time": "0.5 h"
      },
      "method": "Weight change printed in NASA oxidation study, Table 2",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Section 3.1, Table 2, row 1100",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon",
        "id": "NASA NTRS 20060005054; N. S. Jacobson (NASA Glenn), D. M. Curry (NASA Johnson Space Center)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA NTRS public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxidation_weight_change",
      "label": "Weight change after 1 h in air at 1500 C, SiC-coated reinforced carbon/carbon",
      "value": -3.34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3/SiC, SiC conversion coating on all faces, 1.9 cm buttons",
        "atmosphere": "667 Pa slowly flowing air",
        "time": "1 h",
        "uncertainty": "plus or minus 0.57 % as printed"
      },
      "method": "Weight change printed in NASA oxidation study, Table 3 (coated specimens at 500 to 1500 C, two per condition)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Section 3.2, Table 3, row 1500",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon",
        "id": "NASA NTRS 20060005054; N. S. Jacobson (NASA Glenn), D. M. Curry (NASA Johnson Space Center)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA NTRS public document"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Tenax UMS45 F22 12K 385tex fibre",
      "value": 4600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS45 F22 12K 385tex (PAN-based, ultra-high modulus), bare filament",
        "sizing": "PU, 0.9 %"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin German product data sheet TSG01de, Zugfestigkeit column (MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-tsg01",
      "where": "Produktdatenblatt table, row UMS45 F22 12K 385tex",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produktdatenblatt: Tenax filament yarn, EU filament (Teijin Carbon Europe)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon Europe, product data sheet TSG01de, dated 2025-02-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/Product_Data_Sheet_TSG01de__EU_Filament__de____DE_.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, Tenax UMS45 F22 12K 385tex fibre",
      "value": 425,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "fibre": "Tenax UMS45 F22 12K 385tex, bare filament"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the Teijin German product data sheet TSG01de, Zug-E-Modul column (GPa); the English overview prints the same 425 GPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-tsg01",
      "where": "Produktdatenblatt table, row UMS45 F22 12K 385tex",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Produktdatenblatt: Tenax filament yarn, EU filament (Teijin Carbon Europe)",
        "id": "Teijin Carbon Europe, product data sheet TSG01de, dated 2025-02-15",
        "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/Product_Data_Sheet_TSG01de__EU_Filament__de____DE_.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Unprotected carbon/carbon in air at 500 to 1100 C (5 torr, 0.5 h)",
      "headline": "Uncoated carbon/carbon loses weight fast in air above 500 C, and most above 800 C.",
      "effect": "Weight change was -2.2 % at 500 C, -27.0 % at 800 C and -68.6 % at 1100 C. The NASA authors describe preferential attack along the fibre edges, and say oxidation begins to be significant above about 500 C.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3 reinforced carbon/carbon, uncoated",
        "atmosphere": "5 torr air, 0.5 h"
      },
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Abstract; Introduction; Section 3.1, Table 2"
    },
    {
      "environment": "SiC-coated carbon/carbon in 667 Pa air for 1 h, 500 to 1500 C",
      "headline": "A SiC conversion coating limits weight change, but thermal-expansion cracks let oxygen in.",
      "effect": "Weight change was -0.16 % at 500 C, -0.19 % at 700 C, -0.22 % at 900 C and -3.34 % at 1500 C, with no clear oxidation damage at 500 and 700 C. Carbon and SiC expand at different rates, so through-thickness cracks formed in the coating, and cavities formed under cracks at 1100 and 1300 C.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "RCC-P3/SiC, coated on all faces",
        "atmosphere": "667 Pa slowly flowing air, 1 h"
      },
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Section 3.2, Table 3; Introduction on coating cracks"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong oxidisers and peroxides (high-purity carbon fibre thread)",
      "headline": "The SDS warns of violent reactions with strong oxidisers and peroxides.",
      "effect": "The Rave SDS lists strong oxidisers and peroxides as incompatible and says violent reactions may occur. It gives no rating or rate.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "High purity carbon fibres in carbon fibre threads (SDS product, not a Tenax or Torayca grade)"
      },
      "source": "rave-cf-sds",
      "where": "Sections 10.3 and 10.5"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports that the acrylonitrile monomer used to make PAN fibre is classified as May cause cancer (H350, 99.8 % of reports), Highly flammable (H225, 99.8 %), Toxic in contact with skin (H311, 97.2 %) and Toxic if inhaled (H331, 97.1 %). This describes the precursor monomer, not the finished fibre.",
        "ghs": [
          "H350: May cause cancer",
          "H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapour",
          "H311: Toxic in contact with skin",
          "H331: Toxic if inhaled"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-acrylonitrile",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated reports for CID 7855"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Rave high-purity carbon fibre SDS says the product is not classified for inhalation, skin, eye, sensitisation, mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. It says inhaling dust may irritate the respiratory system and dust can cause eye irritation.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "rave-cf-sds",
        "where": "Section 11 (toxicological information and symptoms)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxidation of unprotected carbon/carbon in air",
        "trigger": "Heating in air at 800 C for 0.5 h (5 torr)",
        "consequence": "Weight loss of 27.0 % at 800 C and 68.6 % at 1100 C; oxidation attacks the fibres along their edges",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
        "where": "Section 3.1, Table 2; Abstract"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Cracking of the SiC oxidation barrier on carbon/carbon",
        "trigger": "Carbon and SiC expand at different rates, so through-thickness cracks form in the coating",
        "consequence": "Oxidation-induced cavities form under cracks at 1100 C and 1300 C; weight change at 1500 C was -3.34 %",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
        "where": "Section 3.2, Table 3; Introduction"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Violent reaction with strong oxidisers",
        "trigger": "Contact with strong oxidisers or peroxides",
        "consequence": "Violent reactions, according to the SDS",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "rave-cf-sds",
        "where": "Sections 10.3 and 10.5"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "The Rave SDS says the product is combustible but will not ignite readily. In a fire it releases carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.",
        "affects": "Fire crew and the enclosure",
        "source": "rave-cf-sds",
        "where": "Sections 5.2 and 9.1 (flammability)"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Store in a cool dry place, away from strong oxidisers and peroxides.",
        "source": "rave-cf-sds",
        "where": "Sections 7.2 and 10.5"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid creating or accumulating dust. Use breathing protection at high dust concentrations, and safety goggles with side protection.",
        "source": "rave-cf-sds",
        "where": "Sections 7 and 8 (control procedures and eye protection)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Torayca T700S shelf life is 24 months from the month of manufacture if stored under ambient conditions.",
        "source": "toray-t700s",
        "where": "Requirements section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "A SiC conversion coating held weight change to -0.16 % at 500 C, -0.19 % at 700 C and -0.22 % at 900 C in 1 h at 667 Pa air, with no clear oxidation damage at 500 and 700 C.",
        "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
        "where": "Section 3.2, Table 3"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "heat-shields",
      "device": "Space Shuttle Orbiter wing leading edge and nose cap (reinforced carbon/carbon)",
      "example": "NASA describes reinforced carbon/carbon as the thermal protection of the wing leading edge and nose cap of the Space Shuttle Orbiter.",
      "source": "nasa-rcc-2006",
      "where": "Introduction, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Compressed gas storage tanks (natural gas, hydrogen)",
      "example": "Toray says the T700S suits large-scale production, including compressed gas storage tanks for natural gas and hydrogen.",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph of the data sheet"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Automotive, marine, sports and civil engineering parts",
      "example": "Toray names the T700S as the benchmark for automotive, marine, sports and leisure and civil engineering uses.",
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph of the data sheet"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "PAN and pitch precursors (carbon fibre feedstock)",
      "abundance": "Not applicable: synthetic fibre made from a polymer or pitch precursor; no crustal abundance applies",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "toray-t700s",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph of the Torayca T700S data sheet"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet (Toray Carbon Fibers Europe)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Tenax filament yarn product overview (Teijin Carbon)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical America: K63712 coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (hosted by Rockwest Composites)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon (NASA Glenn and Johnson Space Center)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: High purity carbon fibers in carbon fiber threads, SDS00170CC1016 v4.0 (Rave Scientific)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://ravescientific.com/images/pdf/SDS00170CC1016-01_Carbon_Fibre.pdf",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Acrylonitrile (CID 7855), GHS classification summary",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Acrylonitrile"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Country production shares for PAN-based and pitch-based carbon fibre: no readable source found, so none are given.",
    "Critical-mineral status of acrylonitrile (PAN precursor) and of pitch feedstock: not read.",
    "Tenax UMS2526 and Mitsubishi K13C2U (about 900 GPa in trade press): only distributor or trade-press figures found, not a datasheet, so not used.",
    "Tenax HTA40 and UMS40 values come from the Teijin product overview. Its HTA40 row prints a second modulus of 230 GPa for a different test method; this profile uses the first pair (240 GPa).",
    "Atomic oxygen erosion, UV ageing and thermal-cycling numbers for carbon fibre: not read.",
    "Density, thermal conductivity and CTE of carbon/carbon (as a composite): not read. Only weight-change figures from the NASA oxidation study are used.",
    "Filament diameter is not in the property canon, so it is written in identity only. Weight change under oxidation uses the snake_case name oxidation_weight_change, which is not in the canon either.",
    "The Rave SDS is for a high-purity carbon fibre thread product (CAS 7782-42-5), not for the Tenax or Torayca production grades. No SDS for a production grade was read.",
    "Laminate and composite values for Tenax grades were not read. The Toray 2500 composite rows are for T700S only and are normalised to 60 % fibre volume.",
    "Galvanic coupling of carbon fibre with aluminium is covered in the CFRP profile and is not repeated here.",
    "No media: no image with a checked licence was fetched."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Carbon fibre combines high stiffness and strength with low density. The PAN-based Tenax UMS40 is rated at 4700 MPa and 390 GPa along the fibre, and the Torayca T700S at 4900 MPa and 230 GPa, both at a density of about 1.8 g/cm3. Mitsubishi's pitch-based K63712 is stiffer still, at 92 Msi, but breaks at only 0.4 % elongation and has a higher density of 2.12 g/cm3. The fibre values are bare-filament datasheet values, not laminate values. In air, the carbon itself is the weak point above about 500 C, which is why carbon/carbon for the Space Shuttle leading edges was used with a SiC coating.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Launcher heat shields",
        "line": "NASA describes reinforced carbon/carbon as the thermal protection of the wing leading edge and nose cap of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. Those parts were exposed to high-temperature air during re-entry."
      },
      {
        "where": "Compressed gas tanks",
        "line": "Toray says the T700S suits large-scale production, including compressed gas storage tanks for natural gas and hydrogen."
      },
      {
        "where": "Structures",
        "line": "Toray names the T700S as the benchmark for automotive, marine, sports and leisure and civil engineering uses."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength and stiffness",
        "line": "Tenax UMS40 is rated at 4700 MPa in tension along the fibre, and T700S at 4900 MPa. Both are bare-fibre typical or nominal values from the datasheets.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conduction",
        "line": "The pitch-based K63712 conducts heat at 140 W/(m·K), against 9.37 W/(m·K) for T700S along the fibre (converted from the printed 0.0224 cal/(cm s K)).",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "140 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat tolerance in carbon/carbon",
        "line": "Unprotected carbon/carbon is limited by air oxidation. The SiC coating in the NASA study held weight change to -0.22 % at 900 C in 1 h at 667 Pa air.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "Oxidises above about 500 C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Along the fibre, the PAN-based grades read here reach 4100 to 4900 MPa and 230 to 390 GPa, with elongation between 1.2 and 2.1 %. The pitch-based K63712 is stiffer (92 Msi) and denser (2.12 g/cm3), and it breaks at only 0.4 %. Carbon/carbon adds heat tolerance but oxidises in air above about 500 C unless it is coated. The table compares the three benchmarks across the PAN and pitch fibres.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Strength along the fibres",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness along the fibres",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep it dry and closed, away from strong oxidisers and peroxides.",
      "Avoid creating dust. Use goggles and breathing protection at high dust concentrations.",
      "Check the safety data sheet of the grade you handle, since the SDS read here is for a thread product.",
      "Torayca T700S shelf life is 24 months from manufacture if stored at ambient conditions."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Stiffness per unit mass along known load paths: Tenax UMS40 reaches 390 GPa at 1.79 g/cm3 (Teijin).",
      "High-temperature heat shields, where the carbon is protected from oxygen: carbon/carbon was used for Space Shuttle leading edges (NASA).",
      "Compressed gas tanks at high volume: the T700S is produced for that market (Toray)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Oxidation in air above about 500 C when uncoated (NASA).",
      "Very low strain to failure in the pitch-based K63712 (0.4 %).",
      "Fibre values are bare-filament values. Laminate strength is lower, so use the CFRP profile for structures."
    ],
    "verdict": "Very stiff and strong along the fibre, and light for what it carries. The fibre is not the limit in air. Oxidation above about 500 C is.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Carbon fibre is made by spinning a precursor into filament, stabilising it and carbonising it to drive off non-carbon elements. For PAN fibre the spun filament is heated to about 300 C in air to oxidise it, then heated in an inert gas to graphitise it (Wikipedia). Pitch-based grades start from coal-tar pitch; K63712 is over 99 % carbon by the Mitsubishi data sheet.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Carbon (element)",
          "role": "Forms the graphitic filament. The graphitic layers are aligned along the fibre axis, which gives the strength and stiffness per unit mass."
        },
        {
          "name": "Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor",
          "role": "Spun into filament, oxidised in air at about 300 C, then carbonised. Its oxidation time, temperature and tension set the final properties."
        },
        {
          "name": "Coal-tar pitch precursor",
          "role": "Starting material for the pitch-based high-modulus fibre (Mitsubishi calls K63712 coal tar pitch-based)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The carbon fibre itself is not classified as hazardous in the SDS read here. Its precursor monomer, acrylonitrile, carries cancer and flammability hazards in PubChem.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Inhaling dust may irritate the respiratory system and dust can cause eye irritation (Rave SDS, section 11). Use goggles and avoid creating dust."
          },
          {
            "label": "Precursor monomer",
            "line": "PubChem reports that acrylonitrile is classified as May cause cancer (H350) and Highly flammable (H225) in most reports. The finished fibre is not the monomer."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust irritates; acrylonitrile precursor is carcinogenic"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure modes read here are oxidation in air at high temperature, and violent reactions with strong oxidisers.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Air above 500 C",
            "line": "Unprotected carbon/carbon lost 27.0 % of its weight in 0.5 h at 800 C and 68.6 % at 1100 C, in 5 torr air (NASA)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Coating cracks",
            "line": "A SiC coating limited weight change to -0.22 % at 900 C in 1 h, but cracks from thermal-expansion mismatch let oxygen reach the carbon."
          },
          {
            "label": "Oxidisers",
            "line": "The SDS lists violent reactions with strong oxidisers and peroxides."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep it dry and closed",
            "line": "Store in a cool dry place. Torayca T700S shelf life is 24 months from manufacture under ambient conditions."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Avoid creating or accumulating dust. Use breathing protection at high dust concentrations."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 28,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from fetched sources. Unreachable: Teijin standalone HTA40 and UMS fibre data sheets (only the product overview and German sheet were readable); a Mitsubishi K13C2U data sheet. Caveats: UMS40 and HTA40 modulus have two printed test methods; K63712 values converted from ksi and Msi; T700S composite values are composite, not fibre; carbon/carbon values are weight change, not material properties."
  },
  "sources": {
    "toray-t700s": {
      "title": "Torayca T700S Carbon Fiber Data Sheet",
      "id": "Toray Carbon Fibers Europe, commercial documentation AQ. 866-6, July 2024; test methods TY-QA-002, TY-QA-003",
      "url": "https://toray-cfe.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Torayca-T700S-Technical-Data-Sheet.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
    },
    "teijin-overview": {
      "title": "Product overview: Tenax and Tenax Next filament yarn (Teijin Carbon)",
      "id": "Teijin Carbon, PDS dated 2026-04-15",
      "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/EU_Filament_overview.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
    },
    "teijin-tsg01": {
      "title": "Produktdatenblatt: Tenax filament yarn, EU filament (Teijin Carbon Europe)",
      "id": "Teijin Carbon Europe, product data sheet TSG01de, dated 2025-02-15",
      "url": "https://www.teijincarbon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Datenbl%C3%A4tter/Filament_Yarn/Product_Data_Sheet_TSG01de__EU_Filament__de____DE_.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
    },
    "mitsubishi-k63712": {
      "title": "K63712: Coal tar pitch-based carbon fibers, typical properties (Mitsubishi Chemical America)",
      "id": "Mitsubishi Chemical America data sheet, undated; hosted by Rockwest Composites",
      "url": "https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/media/wysiwyg/PD_K63712.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer datasheet, values quoted for reference"
    },
    "nasa-rcc-2006": {
      "title": "Oxidation Microstructure Studies of Reinforced Carbon/Carbon",
      "id": "NASA NTRS 20060005054; N. S. Jacobson (NASA Glenn), D. M. Curry (NASA Johnson Space Center)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060005054/downloads/20060005054.pdf",
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    },
    "rave-cf-sds": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: High purity carbon fibers in carbon fiber threads, SDS00170CC1016 v4.0",
      "id": "Rave Scientific, Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Art. 31, dated October 5th 2022",
      "url": "https://ravescientific.com/images/pdf/SDS00170CC1016-01_Carbon_Fibre.pdf",
      "year": 2022,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier safety data sheet, quoted for reference"
    },
    "pubchem-acrylonitrile": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Acrylonitrile (CID 7855), GHS classification summary",
      "id": "CID 7855, National Center for Biotechnology Information",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Acrylonitrile",
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      "license": "PubChem public data"
    },
    "wiki-carbon-fibre": {
      "title": "Carbon fibers (Wikipedia article): composition, history and PAN process only",
      "id": "Wikipedia, article Carbon fibers",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/carbon-fibre/"
}