{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "bp-1-lunar-simulant",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "regolith",
  "name": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant",
  "abbreviation": "BP-1",
  "role": "Physical stand-in for lunar mare soil in excavation and surface mobility tests",
  "category": "regolith",
  "type": "lunar-simulants",
  "summary": "BP-1 Black Point is a lunar mare simulant made from crushed basalt waste. It came from a road-metal quarry on the Black Point lava flow in northern Arizona, and was discovered during a Desert RATS analog test. ARES prints a bulk density of 1.5 to 1.6 g/cm3 and a specific gravity of 2.81 g/cm3, with particles from 1 to 10,000 µm. The NASA users guide says its pebbles and cobbles make it a good physical simulant for excavation and surface mobility work. Its basalt is alkaline and plagioclase-rich, so it does not copy lunar mare chemistry.\n",
  "best_for": "Excavation, flow, drilling and rover mobility tests that need angular basalt rubble with a broad particle size range, pebbles and cobbles included",
  "weakest_at": "Chemistry: alkaline and plagioclase-rich, with secondary halite, bassanite, calcite and quartz, and a crystalline silica content that needs controls",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Crushed basalt rock powder, not one compound. Its chemistry is given as oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Na2O), mainly labradorite plagioclase and augite pyroxene.",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "stoeser-2010",
    "where": "Introduction (feedstock paragraph), Table 3 (XRF analyses, Bag All column) and Table 4 (XRD of bulk BP-1)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "rovers-and-surface-systems",
      "mechanisms",
      "structures",
      "habitats-and-suits",
      "in-space-manufacturing"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_density",
      "label": "Bulk density",
      "value": 1.5,
      "value_high": 1.6,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "bulk; compaction and moisture not stated on the page",
        "attribution": "Rahmatian and Metzger 2010, as cited on the ARES page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page in the Geomechanical and Physical Properties section, Density table, Bulk row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical and Physical Properties, Density table, Bulk row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity",
      "value": 2.81,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "as printed in the ARES table header; the page cites Suescun-Florez et al. 2015"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Geomechanical Properties table), attributed there to Suescun-Florez et al. 2015",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical Properties table, Specific Gravity column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "void_ratio",
      "label": "Void ratio",
      "value": 0.49,
      "value_high": 0.965,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "range as printed; the page attributes it to Suescun-Florez et al. 2015"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Geomechanical Properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical Properties table, Void Ratio column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "relative_max_density",
      "label": "Relative maximum density",
      "value": 1.86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "rho(max) as printed in the users guide, averaged reference Suescun-Flores et al. 2015"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide density table for BP-1 (rho max column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 16 (Lunar simulant density values), BP-1 row, rho(max) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "relative_min_density",
      "label": "Relative minimum density",
      "value": 1.43,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "rho(min) as printed in the users guide, reference Suescun-Flores et al. 2015"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide density table for BP-1 (rho min column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 16 (Lunar simulant density values), BP-1 row, rho(min) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness (Mohs scale)",
      "value": 4,
      "value_high": 5,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "Mohs scale",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "state": "as printed on the ARES page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Geomechanical Properties table, Hardness column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical Properties table, Hardness (Mohs scale) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cohesion",
      "label": "Triaxial cohesion, range",
      "value": 0,
      "value_high": 2,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "triaxial shear strength, as cited on the ARES page to Suescun-Florez et al. 2015",
        "note": "the page does not give test details"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Triaxial: Shear Strength, Cohesion column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical Properties table, Triaxial Shear Strength, Cohesion (kPa) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cohesion",
      "label": "Cohesion, average (shear strength reference)",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 2,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average and range as printed in the users guide; reference Suescun-Flores et al. 2015",
        "region": "Low-Ti mare"
      },
      "method": "Average printed in the users guide shear strength table, BP-1 row (C avg column, range 0-2.0)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 19 (Lunar simulant shear strength values), BP-1 row, C (kPa) columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "friction_angle",
      "label": "Friction angle, range",
      "value": 39,
      "value_high": 51,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "triaxial shear strength, as cited on the ARES page to Suescun-Florez et al. 2015"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Triaxial: Shear Strength, Friction Angle column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Geomechanical Properties table, Triaxial Shear Strength, Friction Angle (°) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "friction_angle",
      "label": "Friction angle, average",
      "value": 45,
      "value_high": 51,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average and range as printed in the users guide; reference Suescun-Flores et al. 2015",
        "region": "Low-Ti mare"
      },
      "method": "Average printed in the users guide shear strength table, BP-1 row (phi avg column, range 39.0-51.0)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 19 (Lunar simulant shear strength values), BP-1 row, phi (degrees) columns",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "particle_size_range",
      "label": "Particle size range",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 10000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range printed on the ARES page, General Properties table"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (General Properties, Particle Size Range column, printed as 1 - 10,000)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "General Properties table, Particle Size Range (µm) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "mean_particle_size",
      "label": "Mean particle size",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "mean printed on the ARES page, General Properties table"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the ARES BP-1 page (General Properties, Mean Particle Size column)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "General Properties table, Mean Particle Size (µm) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "particle_size_q25",
      "label": "Particle size, 25th quartile (Q25)",
      "value": 36.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average Q25 of % passing grains, as printed in the users guide; reference Clark 2021 (JSC-ARES)",
        "region": "Low-Ti mare"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide particle size table, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 10 (Lunar regolith simulant PSD), BP-1 row, Q25 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "median_particle_size_d50",
      "label": "Particle size, median (Q50)",
      "value": 88.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average Q50 of % passing grains, as printed in the users guide; reference Clark 2021 (JSC-ARES)",
        "region": "Low-Ti mare"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide particle size table, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 10 (Lunar regolith simulant PSD), BP-1 row, Q50 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "particle_size_q75",
      "label": "Particle size, 75th quartile (Q75)",
      "value": 205,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average Q75 of % passing grains, as printed in the users guide; reference Clark 2021 (JSC-ARES)",
        "region": "Low-Ti mare"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide particle size table, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 10 (Lunar regolith simulant PSD), BP-1 row, Q75 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "aspect_ratio",
      "label": "Particle aspect ratio (image analysis)",
      "value": 0.67,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "bulk value from SDL 2022 (JSC-ARES) particle images, as printed in the users guide"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide particle geometry table, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 13 (Lunar regolith simulant particle geometry), BP-1 row, AR column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sqrt_form_factor",
      "label": "Root form factor (image analysis)",
      "value": 0.93,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "bulk value from SDL 2022 (JSC-ARES) particle images, as printed in the users guide"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide particle geometry table, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 13 (Lunar regolith simulant particle geometry), BP-1 row, root FF column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sio2",
      "label": "Silicon dioxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five 1-ton lots (Bag All)",
        "sample": "BP-1 bulk"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), SiO2 row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "al2o3",
      "label": "Aluminium oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), Al2O3 row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cao",
      "label": "Calcium oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All); the authors link high CaO to secondary minerals"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), CaO row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "mgo",
      "label": "Magnesium oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), MgO row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fe2o3",
      "label": "Iron(III) oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), Fe2O3 row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "na2o",
      "label": "Sodium oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), Na2O row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "k2o",
      "label": "Potassium oxide (average of 5 bags)",
      "value": 0,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "whole-rock XRF, average of five lots (Bag All). The USGS sample W172158 in Table 1 gives 1.1 wt%, a conflict recorded in gaps"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRF table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 3 (XRF analyses of BP-1 splits), K2O row, Bag All column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "labradorite",
      "label": "Labradorite (plagioclase), bulk XRD",
      "value": 60.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "preliminary XRD of a bulk simulant sample, labelled preliminary and unverified by the authors"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRD table for bulk BP-1; ARES prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 4 (XRD of bulk BP-1 simulant), Labradorite row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "augite",
      "label": "Augite (pyroxene), bulk XRD",
      "value": 23.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "preliminary XRD of a bulk simulant sample, labelled preliminary and unverified by the authors"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRD table for bulk BP-1; ARES prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 4 (XRD of bulk BP-1 simulant), Augite row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "olivine",
      "label": "Olivine, bulk XRD",
      "value": 6.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "preliminary XRD of a bulk simulant sample, labelled preliminary and unverified by the authors"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRD table for bulk BP-1; ARES prints the same value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 4 (XRD of bulk BP-1 simulant), Olivine row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "halite",
      "label": "Halite (NaCl), range printed on ARES",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 5,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range given in the ARES use notes; Stoeser et al. 2010 Table 5 gives 1 to 5 wt% across the five bags"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Recommendation section, Drilling and Human Health rows)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Drilling row (halite 1-5 wt.%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bassanite",
      "label": "Bassanite (CaSO4 0.5 H2O), range printed on ARES",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 3,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "range given in the ARES use notes. Stoeser et al. 2010 Table 5 shows bag 4 at 4 wt%, outside this range; recorded in gaps"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the ARES BP-1 page (Recommendation section, Drilling row)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Drilling row (bassanite 1-3 wt.%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
        "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
        "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "halite",
      "label": "Halite, sieved <10 µm splits, all bags",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "XRD of <10-µm splits, Bag All column; the salt was confirmed by washing with distilled water"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRD summary table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 5 (XRD summary table for <10-µm splits of BP-1), Halite row, Bag All",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bassanite",
      "label": "Bassanite, sieved <10 µm splits, all bags",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "XRD of <10-µm splits, Bag All column; individual bags range 0 to 4 wt%"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 XRD summary table, Bag All column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Table 5 (XRD summary table for <10-µm splits of BP-1), Bassanite row, Bag All",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cristobalite",
      "label": "Cristobalite, NIOSH 7500 XRD of 10 bags",
      "value": 0.57,
      "value_high": 2.9,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "10 one-ton bags sampled by the Kennedy Space Center industrial hygiene office, NIOSH 7500 method by XRD; the authors call these values highly improbable for this rock"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 health section, quoting the IHO report",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Section 5 (Health), second paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "quartz",
      "label": "Quartz, NIOSH 7500 XRD of 10 bags (upper value)",
      "value": 2.3,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "up to this value across 10 one-ton bags, NIOSH 7500 method by XRD; the authors say the quartz in the feedstock is secondary"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Stoeser et al. 2010 health section, quoting the IHO report",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Section 5 (Health), second paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
        "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
        "year": 2010,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystalline_silica_total",
      "label": "Total crystalline silica, 2010 analysis",
      "value": 1.89,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis symbol printed as ¤ (2010) in the users guide; the symbol key is not in the text read"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide crystalline silica summary, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Disagrees with the 2022 and 2023 rows (0.36 and 0.52 wt%). Both values are printed; neither is preferred.",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 25 (Summary of total percent crystalline and respirable silica), BP-1 row, 2010 analysis",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystalline_silica_total",
      "label": "Total crystalline silica, 2022 analysis",
      "value": 0.36,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis symbol printed as ‡ (2022) in the users guide; the symbol key is not in the text read"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide crystalline silica summary, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 25 (Summary of total percent crystalline and respirable silica), BP-1 row, 2022 analysis",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "crystalline_silica_total",
      "label": "Total crystalline silica, 2023 analysis",
      "value": 0.52,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "analysis symbol printed as § (2023) in the users guide; the symbol key is not in the text read"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide crystalline silica summary, BP-1 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 25 (Summary of total percent crystalline and respirable silica), BP-1 row, 2023 analysis",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "respirable_fraction_under_10um",
      "label": "Percent passing under 10 µm, respirable fraction",
      "value": 11.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "2023 analysis as printed in the users guide"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide crystalline silica summary, BP-1 2023 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 25 (Summary of total percent crystalline and respirable silica), BP-1 2023 row, percent passing under 10 µm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "respirable_crystalline_silica",
      "label": "Respirable crystalline silica, 2023 analysis",
      "value": 0.06,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "total respirable crystalline silica, 2023 analysis as printed in the users guide"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the users guide crystalline silica summary, BP-1 2023 row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 25 (Summary of total percent crystalline and respirable silica), BP-1 2023 row, total respirable crystalline silica column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
        "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "aspect_ratio",
      "label": "Particle aspect ratio, average (Dotson et al. 2024)",
      "value": 0.654,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "average aspect ratio (a) from image analysis of particles on an optical microscope, CILAS-1190 with 40x objective, per Dotson et al. 2024 section 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, a column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dotson-2024",
      "where": "Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, a column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants",
        "id": "arXiv 2403.11029; B. Dotson, D. Sanchez Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt and P. Metzger (University of Central Florida)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sphericity",
      "label": "Particle sphericity (Dotson et al. 2024)",
      "value": 0.528,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "image analysis as for aspect ratio, per Dotson et al. 2024 section 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, s column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dotson-2024",
      "where": "Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, s column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants",
        "id": "arXiv 2403.11029; B. Dotson, D. Sanchez Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt and P. Metzger (University of Central Florida)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "equivalent_circular_diameter",
      "label": "Equivalent circular diameter, average (xECD)",
      "value": 27.56,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "image analysis as for aspect ratio, per Dotson et al. 2024 section 2.2"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, xECD column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dotson-2024",
      "where": "Table 2 (Measured particle shapes), BP-1 row, xECD column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants",
        "id": "arXiv 2403.11029; B. Dotson, D. Sanchez Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt and P. Metzger (University of Central Florida)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "median_particle_size_d50",
      "label": "Particle size D50 (Dotson et al. 2024)",
      "value": 228.91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "D50 from the particle size distribution printed in Table 3; differs from the users guide Q50 of 88.4 µm, and both are recorded"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in Table 3 (Particle Size Distributions), BP-1 row, D50 column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "dotson-2024",
      "where": "Table 3 (Particle Size Distributions), BP-1 row, D50 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants",
        "id": "arXiv 2403.11029; B. Dotson, D. Sanchez Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt and P. Metzger (University of Central Florida)",
        "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "arXiv preprint; licence not stated in the copy read"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hydrated mixture with ice (ice-regolith tests)",
      "headline": "Halite and bassanite may change chemical reactivity when BP-1 is mixed with ice.",
      "effect": "ARES rates BP-1 potentially suitable for drilling when hydrated. It says the presence of halite (1-5 wt.%) and bassanite (1-3 wt.%) may affect studies with ice regolith mix because of changes in chemical reactivity.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "ARES use note; no test on BP-1 is cited"
      },
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Drilling row (potentially suitable, hydrated)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxygen extraction and metal production (volatiles and reactions with hardware)",
      "headline": "Chlorine from halite and sulfur from bassanite can contaminate oxygen extraction products and react with hardware.",
      "effect": "ARES says that Cl from halite and S from bassanite raise potential problems for volatiles processing and oxygen extraction, including reactivity, contamination of products and reactions with hardware. It says calcite may cause unwanted reactions in metal production. ARES rates BP-1 potentially suitable with caution for both.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "ARES recommendation text; no BP-1 extraction test is cited"
      },
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Oxygen Production and Metal Production rows"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Natural weathering of the source basalt",
      "headline": "Calcite and quartz in BP-1 are secondary minerals made by weathering or alteration of the basalt, not primary minerals.",
      "effect": "Stoeser et al. (2010) say calcite and quartz are not primary minerals and derive from weathering or alteration of the original basalt. Calcite ranges from 9 wt% to nil between bags, and olivine varies between bags, which the authors call probably real. Total secondary minerals in the under-10 mm splits are printed as 9 to 24 per cent.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "XRD of bulk and sieved splits; the bulk XRD is labelled preliminary and unverified by the authors"
      },
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Section 3 (Mineralogy), Table 5 and text below it"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The users guide prints total crystalline silica for BP-1 as 1.89 wt% in a 2010 row, 0.36 wt% in a 2022 row and 0.52 wt% in a 2023 row. The 2023 row also prints a respirable fraction (under 10 µm) of 11.5 per cent and total respirable crystalline silica of 0.06 wt%. The three totals disagree, and the analysis symbols are not defined in the text read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
        "where": "Table 25, BP-1 rows"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stoeser et al. (2010) quote an industrial hygiene evaluation of ten one-ton bags of BP-1. NIOSH 7500 XRD found 0.57 to 2.9 wt% cristobalite and up to 2.3 wt% quartz in every bag. The authors say the cristobalite values are highly improbable for this source rock, because cristobalite forms only at very high temperature.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "stoeser-2010",
        "where": "Section 5 (Health), second and third paragraphs"
      },
      {
        "text": "In a November 2023 test, moving BP-1 from bulk containers over 71 minutes gave a crystalline silica 8-hour TWA result below 5.22 µg/m3 and a respirable PNOR 8-hour TWA of 0.09 mg/m3. The guide gives these as Simulant Development Lab results.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
        "where": "Table 26 (Silica and PNOR monitoring in the Simulant Development Lab), row Transfer of BP-1 from bulk containers, November 2023"
      },
      {
        "text": "The users guide lists the OSHA limits used at NASA: crystalline silica at 50 µg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA, and respirable particulates not otherwise regulated (PNOR) at 5 mg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
        "where": "OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit list, immediately before Section 5.9"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stoeser et al. (2010) say that the abundance of fine particles is certainly a concern for health applications should they become airborne.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "stoeser-2010",
        "where": "Section 4 (Particle size), closing paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "The file that the ARES BP-1 page links as BP-1_SDS.pdf is a Rinker Materials safety data sheet for generic aggregate products (MSDS #0001, revision 2, effective August 1, 2001). It does not name BP-1, so its statements are general. It says that respirable crystalline silica can cause silicosis, is a cancer hazard when inhaled, and that aggregates may contain more than 0.1% crystalline silica.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "rinker-msds",
        "where": "Sections II and VI"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem silica record (CID 24261) lists cristobalite notifications to ECHA and NITE-CMC with H350 May cause cancer and H372 Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure, signal word Danger, health hazard pictogram. The aggregated top-level silica entry reads Not Classified. These statements are for cristobalite, which Stoeser et al. report in BP-1 by NIOSH 7500 XRD. No source read gives a GHS classification for the BP-1 material itself.",
        "ghs": [
          "H350",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-silica",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Cristobalite (EC 238-455-4) and NITE-CMC Cristobalite (FY2015) notifications"
      },
      {
        "text": "The 2019 University of Cape Town dissertation on sintered BP-1 says that human exposure to BP-1 can affect the respiratory organs and cause acute silicosis, and that BP-1 is very reactive with acid and with oxidising agents. It gives no exposure measurement and no test reference for these statements.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "uct-thesis-2019",
        "where": "Chapter One (Introduction), handling paragraphs"
      },
      {
        "text": "OSHA annotated Table Z-3 gives respirable quartz as 250 (%SiO2+5) mppcf and 10 mg/m3 (%SiO2+2), formulas in percent SiO2 rather than a fixed number. Footnote (l) says these Z-3 entries apply only where the respirable crystalline silica standard 1910.1053 is stayed or otherwise not in effect. The 50 µg/m3 limit in the users guide is a separate entry and is kept as printed there.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-z3",
        "where": "Annotated Table Z-3 Mineral Dusts, Silica crystalline, Quartz (Respirable) row and footnote (l)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Over-compaction of the simulant",
        "trigger": "Compacting BP-1 in excavation and soil-bin tests",
        "consequence": "ARES says care must be taken to avoid over compaction compared with lunar regolith, so a compacted bed can behave unlike the Moon.",
        "source": "ares-bp1",
        "where": "Recommendation section, Excavation / Flow row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Altered dust behavior from weathered minerals",
        "trigger": "Use in human health or dust studies",
        "consequence": "ARES says the presence of weathered minerals may alter dust behavior with other materials when compared with lunar fines. It prints secondary minerals as 9-24% in samples under 10 µm.",
        "source": "ares-bp1",
        "where": "Recommendation section, Human Health Studies row"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Shipment-to-shipment and bag-to-bag mineral variation",
        "trigger": "Using a new shipment or sample without checking",
        "consequence": "ARES says plagioclase and olivine amounts vary greatly between whole shipments and samples of fines, and should be verified before use. Stoeser et al. report calcite from 9 wt% to nil between bags.",
        "source": "ares-bp1",
        "where": "Recommendation section, Oxygen Production row"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "ARES says Cl from halite and S from bassanite may cause problems for volatiles processing and oxygen extraction, including contamination of products and reactions with hardware.",
        "affects": "Oxygen extraction products and process hardware",
        "source": "ares-bp1",
        "where": "Recommendation section, Oxygen Production row"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The users guide says the JSC Simulant Development Lab maintains a safety data sheet for every simulant. Request the BP-1 sheet from that lab, because no BP-1-specific sheet was read in this run.",
        "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
        "where": "Section 5.9.1 (Johnson Space Center and SDL requirements)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Kennedy Space Center industrial hygiene office recommended, for the BP-1 sandbox trial, that non-essential people be kept out of the area, that a decontamination area with a HEPA vacuum be used for equipment, and that hand-wash and eye-wash facilities be provided.",
        "source": "stoeser-2010",
        "where": "Section 5 (Health), recommendations paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "The generic aggregate sheet advises cleaning up spilled dust with vacuuming, wet mopping or moistening with water, so that dust does not go airborne. This is general aggregate advice, not a BP-1 instruction.",
        "source": "rinker-msds",
        "where": "Section VII (Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "The users guide says exposure monitoring is the only method to determine occupational exposure to crystalline silica. It reports that all JSC exposures to date were below the OSHA PEL and Action Level for crystalline silica. This covers all simulant tasks at JSC, not BP-1 alone.",
        "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
        "where": "Section 5.8 (Workplace Monitoring)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The industrial hygiene office recommended personal protective equipment and controls until exposure measurements could be made. For test judges, it said respiratory protection must comply with OSHA Respiratory Standard 1910.134, including medical certification, fit testing and training.",
        "source": "stoeser-2010",
        "where": "Section 5 (Health), recommendations and quoted report"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "rovers-and-surface-systems",
      "device": "Excavation and flow tests",
      "example": "ARES rates BP-1 recommended for excavation and flow. Its particle size distribution and angular, elongated grains produce a high angle of repose in large piles.",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Excavation / Flow row; Geomechanical Properties table, Angle of Repose column"
    },
    {
      "application": "rovers-and-surface-systems",
      "device": "Excavation, construction and surface mobility projects",
      "example": "The users guide says BP-1's pebble- and cobble-sized rock mixed with finer particles makes it a good physical simulant for excavation, construction and surface mobility technology projects.",
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Section 3.4 (Lunar Regolith Simulants for NASA's Constellation Program), BP-1 paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Construction materials tests",
      "example": "ARES rates BP-1 potentially suitable for construction, citing adequate grain size, shape, distribution and basaltic mineralogy, and notes that calcite may affect reactivity with other components.",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Construction row"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Dry drilling and abrasion tests",
      "example": "ARES rates BP-1 recommended for dry drilling and for abrasion and wear, because its angular elongated grains and particle size distribution make an abrasive material with adequate mineralogy.",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Drilling (Dry) and Abrasion / Wear rows"
    },
    {
      "application": "habitats-and-suits",
      "device": "Dust mitigation for habitats (test material)",
      "example": "ARES rates BP-1 potentially suitable for dust mitigation in habitats, because it has adequate fines, particle size distribution and grain shapes, but weathered minerals may alter its dust behavior compared with lunar fines.",
      "source": "ares-bp1",
      "where": "Recommendation section, Human Health Studies row"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "BP-1 quarry waste",
      "abundance": "Not stated in any source read. ARES gives no tonnage or producer share.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "stoeser-2010",
      "where": "Introduction (feedstock paragraph); Section 3 (Mineralogy), text on halite and bassanite"
    },
    {
      "subject": "BP-1 holder and sampling",
      "abundance": "Not stated.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "nasa-guide-2024",
      "where": "Table 2 (List of simulants assessed with corresponding lunar region and source), BP-1 row"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "NASA ARES, BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant project page",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA/TM-20240011783, Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA/TM-2010-216444, Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet for Aggregate Products, Rinker Materials (linked from the ARES BP-1 page as BP-1_SDS.pdf; generic, not BP-1 specific)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/_resources/BP-1_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2001
    },
    {
      "title": "Dotson et al. 2024, Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants (arXiv 2403.11029)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Ogunyinka 2019, Investigation of Material Properties of Sintered Black Point-1 Lunar Regolith Simulant (University of Cape Town MPhil dissertation)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/ead778a3-7849-4fc1-9289-f09448b8c30b/content",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record CID 24261 (Silica), GHS Classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24261/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification"
    },
    {
      "title": "OSHA Annotated Table Z-3, Mineral Dusts",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels/table-z-3"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No BP-1-specific safety data sheet was found. The file the ARES page links as BP-1_SDS.pdf is a generic aggregate sheet from Rinker Materials, so the BP-1 hazard entries rest on the users guide and on Stoeser et al. 2010.",
    "Angle of repose: ARES gives only a qualitative description (high angle of repose in large piles), with no number.",
    "Grain density and porosity: not printed. ARES gives specific gravity and void ratio only.",
    "Uniaxial Young's modulus and uniaxial tensile strength: printed as dashes on the ARES page.",
    "Agglutinate and glass content: not printed by ARES or Stoeser et al. The users guide table for BP-1 was garbled in text extraction, so no value is recorded.",
    "Thermophysical properties: ARES says they are not yet characterized, and the simulant development lab analytical results are printed as Pending analyses.",
    "Source conflicts, recorded side by side and not resolved: K2O is 0 wt% in the five-bag average (Stoeser Table 3) but 1.1 wt% in USGS sample W172158 (Stoeser Table 1). Bassanite is 1 to 3 wt% on the ARES page but 4 wt% in bag 4 of Stoeser Table 5. Total secondary minerals are printed as 9 to 24 per cent in Stoeser's text, while Table 5 gives 8 to 24 across the bags. Quartz is 1 to 2 wt% on ARES, 1.7 wt% in the bulk XRD and 3 wt% in the sieved splits. Total crystalline silica is 1.89, 0.36 and 0.52 wt% in three users guide rows.",
    "Halite is 1 to 5 wt% on ARES and 1 wt% in the Bag All sieved split of Stoeser Table 5. Both are recorded.",
    "The users guide defines no key for the analysis symbols (¤, ‡, §) in Table 25. The source of each total silica value is therefore not confirmed.",
    "Suescun-Florez et al. 2015 and Rahmatian and Metzger 2010 are cited for several values. Their papers were not opened: the ASCE page for Suescun-Florez returned a bot-check page. Values from those studies are attributed through the ARES and users guide pages that print them.",
    "Supplier and production shares: BP-1 is not commercially made and no supply shares apply. Critical-mineral lists (USGS, EU) were not checked for this profile.",
    "Corrosion and reactivity ratings are not given by any source, so each is recorded as unknown.",
    "Lunar-day, lunar-night, vacuum, thermal-cycling and radiation behavior: no source read in this run tests BP-1 under those conditions, so tags.environments and tags.stresses are empty.",
    "The UCF Planetary Simulant Database page linked from ARES (simulantdb.com) returned unrelated content, so its fidelity rating is not used. ARES itself labels BP-1 as basic fidelity under that database's guidelines.",
    "Property names not in spores/property-canon.yaml: equivalent_circular_diameter, sphericity, bulk_density, specific_gravity, void_ratio, hardness, cohesion, friction_angle, particle_size_range, mean_particle_size, particle_size_q25, particle_size_q75, relative_max_density, relative_min_density, aspect_ratio, sqrt_form_factor, sio2, al2o3, cao, mgo, fe2o3, na2o, k2o, labradorite, augite, olivine, halite, bassanite, cristobalite, quartz, crystalline_silica_total, respirable_fraction_under_10um and respirable_crystalline_silica. Names follow the existing lunar-regolith-simulant profile where one exists.",
    "Sources: eight are now opened and cited: the ARES page, the users guide, Stoeser et al. 2010, the linked SDS, Dotson et al. 2024 (arXiv), the Ogunyinka 2019 dissertation, the PubChem silica record and OSHA Table Z-3. Still not reached: Suescun-Florez et al. 2015 (its ASCE page gave no full text here, and a web search returned only the abstract, so no value is taken from it) and the UCF simulant database page.",
    "Specific gravity conflict, recorded and not entered: the Ogunyinka 2019 dissertation says \"The specific gravity of BP-1 lies within the range of 2.45-2.80\", cites Eduardo et al. 2014, and prints no unit. ARES gives 2.81 g/cm3. The range is not entered as a property because no unit is printed.",
    "Particle size D50 conflict, both recorded: Dotson et al. 2024 Table 3 prints 228.91 µm, and the users guide Q50 is 88.4 µm. The measurement method behind the Dotson value was not read in this run.",
    "Aspect ratio conflict, both recorded: Dotson et al. 2024 Table 2 prints 0.654 for BP-1, and the users guide prints 0.67 for BP-1 (SDL 2022 images)."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "BP-1 is a lunar mare simulant that was not made to copy lunar chemistry. It is crushed basalt waste from a road-metal quarry in northern Arizona, and it was discovered during a Desert RATS analog test. The users guide says it is attractive because it has pebble- and cobble-sized rock mixed with finer particles, which suits excavation, construction and surface mobility work. Stoeser et al. note that its alkali content is high for a lunar basalt, so it is not suited to tests where composition is critical.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Excavation and flow",
        "line": "ARES rates BP-1 recommended for excavation and flow. Its particle size distribution and angular, elongated grains produce a high angle of repose in large piles."
      },
      {
        "where": "Surface mobility and construction",
        "line": "The users guide says BP-1's pebbles and cobbles make it a good physical simulant for excavation, construction and surface mobility technology projects. ARES rates it potentially suitable for construction, with a caution about calcite."
      },
      {
        "where": "Drilling and abrasion",
        "line": "ARES rates BP-1 recommended for dry drilling and for abrasion and wear, because its angular grains are abrasive and its mineralogy is adequate."
      },
      {
        "where": "Dust mitigation for habitats",
        "line": "ARES rates BP-1 potentially suitable for dust mitigation in habitats, but says weathered minerals may alter its dust behavior compared with lunar fines."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Grain size",
        "line": "Particle sizes run from 1 to 10,000 µm, with a mean of 100 µm (ARES). Stoeser et al. describe a large share of particles in a narrow range, plus both fine and coarse particles.",
        "benchmark": "particle_size_range",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1 to 10,000 µm"
      },
      {
        "label": "Grain shape",
        "line": "ARES describes the particles as irregular and angular. The users guide gives an aspect ratio of 0.67 and a root form factor of 0.93 for BP-1, from SDL 2022 images.",
        "benchmark": "aspect_ratio",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.67"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Bulk density is 1.5 to 1.6 g/cm3 (ARES, citing Rahmatian and Metzger 2010). The users guide gives a relative maximum density of 1.86 g/cm3 and a relative minimum of 1.43 g/cm3, both from Suescun-Florez et al. 2015.",
        "benchmark": "bulk_density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.5 to 1.6 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Triaxial cohesion is 0 to 2.0 kPa and friction angle is 39 to 51 degrees (ARES). The users guide gives an average friction angle of 45 degrees for the same reference.",
        "benchmark": "friction_angle",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "39 to 51 degrees"
      },
      {
        "label": "Silica",
        "line": "Total crystalline silica is 0.52 wt% in the 2023 analysis and 1.89 wt% in the 2010 analysis, as printed in the users guide. The two are not reconciled.",
        "benchmark": "crystalline_silica_total",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.52"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "BP-1 is a basalt rubble for ground tests, not a copy of lunar mare chemistry. Stoeser et al. say its high alkali content, relative to lunar basalts, may rule it out where composition is critical, but that this has nothing to do with its behavior as a geotechnical material. ARES says its particle size falls within one standard deviation of the lunar regolith range, and that its mechanical behavior in vibratory densification and shear tests is similar to lunar soil. ARES also lists its high plagioclase content, relative to lunar mare basalt, as a con. The table compares BP-1 with the same benchmarks used for other simulants in this collection.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Bulk density",
        "benchmark": "bulk_density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Specific gravity",
        "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Friction angle",
        "benchmark": "friction_angle",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Use a dust mask or respirator where dust forms, following the industrial hygiene controls above.",
      "Monitor exposure, because the users guide says monitoring is the only way to measure crystalline silica exposure in the workplace.",
      "Check each shipment for halite, bassanite and mineral changes before any test that depends on chemistry.",
      "Avoid compacting the bed more than lunar regolith would be compacted."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Excavation and flow tests, where the angular, broad particle size distribution gives a high angle of repose (ARES).",
      "Rover mobility and construction tests that need basalt rubble with pebbles and cobbles (users guide)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Crystalline silica: 1.89 wt% in one 2010 analysis and 0.36 to 0.52 wt% in later rows. Cristobalite is 0.57 to 2.9 wt% in the 2010 industrial hygiene data.",
      "Salts: halite and bassanite can change reactivity with ice and can affect oxygen extraction.",
      "Composition: alkaline and plagioclase-rich, not lunar mare chemistry.",
      "Variation: mineral content changes from bag to bag, so check each shipment."
    ],
    "verdict": "BP-1 is a physical simulant for excavation and surface mobility tests, not a chemistry match for the Moon. Its silica and salt content need controls, and no source read here tests it under vacuum or thermal conditions.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "BP-1 is not one compound. It is crushed basalt from the Black Point lava flow, made mostly of labradorite plagioclase feldspar and augite pyroxene by weight, with smaller amounts of olivine, magnetite, and secondary halite and bassanite. Its chemistry is given as oxides, not as a formula. ARES says it was not processed or modified after collection from the quarry washing waste.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Labradorite (plagioclase feldspar)",
          "symbol": "-",
          "role": "The main mineral. Stoeser et al. say plagioclase is much more abundant in the whole sample than in the sieved splits."
        },
        {
          "name": "Augite (pyroxene)",
          "symbol": "-",
          "role": "The main mafic mineral after plagioclase, from the original basalt."
        },
        {
          "name": "Olivine",
          "symbol": "-",
          "role": "Varies between bags of the same material, which the authors call probably real."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon dioxide (average)",
          "symbol": "SiO2",
          "role": "Average silica of the five 1-ton lots. Silica in the BP-1 feedstock is mostly secondary, not primary (Stoeser et al.)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No source read here classifies BP-1 as hazardous. It contains crystalline silica in measured amounts and produces fine dust. The BP-1-specific safety data sheet was not found; the file linked from ARES is a generic aggregate sheet.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Crystalline silica",
            "line": "The users guide prints total crystalline silica of 1.89 wt% for a 2010 analysis, 0.36 wt% for 2022 and 0.52 wt% for 2023. The 2023 row gives a respirable fraction of 11.5% and respirable crystalline silica of 0.06 wt%. The three totals disagree, and the guide does not define its analysis symbols in the text read."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cristobalite and quartz",
            "line": "Stoeser et al. (2010) quote an industrial hygiene evaluation of ten 1-ton bags. NIOSH 7500 XRD found 0.57 to 2.9 wt% cristobalite and up to 2.3 wt% quartz in every bag. The authors call the cristobalite values highly improbable for this source rock."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fine particles",
            "line": "Stoeser et al. say the abundance of fine particles is a concern for health if they become airborne."
          },
          {
            "label": "Measured exposure",
            "line": "In a November 2023 test, moving BP-1 from bulk containers for 71 minutes gave a crystalline silica 8-hour TWA result below 5.22 µg/m3 and a respirable PNOR 8-hour TWA of 0.09 mg/m3."
          },
          {
            "label": "Limits",
            "line": "The users guide lists OSHA limits of 50 µg/m3 for crystalline silica and 5 mg/m3 for respirable PNOR, both as 8-hour TWA values."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Dust is the main concern. Crystalline silica was measured…"
      },
      {
        "title": "For a rover or test bed",
        "lead": "Chemistry and dust matter for test beds and oxygen work, not only for people.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Salts and reactivity",
            "line": "ARES says halite (1 to 5 wt%) and bassanite (1 to 3 wt%) may change chemical reactivity in ice-regolith mixes, and may cause problems for oxygen extraction."
          },
          {
            "label": "Batch variation",
            "line": "ARES says plagioclase and olivine vary greatly between shipments, so each shipment should be checked before use."
          },
          {
            "label": "Over-compaction",
            "line": "ARES says care must be taken to avoid over compaction compared with lunar regolith."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Records",
            "line": "The users guide says the JSC Simulant Development Lab keeps a safety data sheet for every simulant. Request the BP-1 sheet from that lab before use."
          },
          {
            "label": "Controls",
            "line": "The industrial hygiene office recommended keeping non-essential people out of the area, a decontamination area with a HEPA vacuum for equipment, and hand-wash and eye-wash facilities for the BP-1 sandbox trial."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cleanup",
            "line": "The generic aggregate sheet advises vacuuming, wet mopping or moistening with water to avoid airborne dust. This is general aggregate advice, not a BP-1 instruction."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 42,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 and deepened in a second pass the same day. Documents opened: the ARES BP-1 page (raw HTML, compared with a summarising fetch), the NASA/TM-20240011783 users guide (PDF text), NASA/TM-2010-216444 by Stoeser et al. (PDF text), the linked BP-1_SDS.pdf (a generic aggregate sheet), the Dotson et al. 2024 arXiv paper (PDF text), the Ogunyinka 2019 UCT dissertation (PDF text), the PubChem silica GHS record (CID 24261) and the OSHA annotated Table Z-3 page. Unreachable: the Suescun-Florez 2015 paper (ASCE page gave no full text) and the UCF simulant database page (returned unrelated content). The Rahmatian and Metzger 2010 paper was not found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ares-bp1": {
      "title": "BP-1 Black Point lunar mare simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page",
      "id": "NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES), JSC simulants project",
      "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/bp-1.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read"
    },
    "nasa-guide-2024": {
      "title": "Lunar Regolith Simulant User's Guide, Revision A",
      "id": "NASA/TM-20240011783, effective 10/24/2024 (NTRS 20240011783)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240011783/downloads/Lunar_Regolith_Simulant_Users_Guide_Rev_A_28OCT.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
    },
    "stoeser-2010": {
      "title": "Preliminary Geological Findings on the BP-1 Simulant (Stoeser, Rickman and Wilson, NASA technical memorandum)",
      "id": "NASA/TM-2010-216444; NTRS 20100036344; report number M-1293",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100036344/downloads/20100036344.pdf",
      "year": 2010,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document; licence not stated in the copy read"
    },
    "rinker-msds": {
      "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet for Aggregate Products, Rinker Materials Corporation (MSDS #0001, revision 2)",
      "id": "Effective August 1, 2001; linked from the ARES BP-1 page",
      "url": "https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/_resources/BP-1_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2001,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier document, linked not reproduced. Generic aggregate sheet, not specific to BP-1"
    },
    "dotson-2024": {
      "title": "Cohesion and Shear Strength of Compacted Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants",
      "id": "arXiv 2403.11029; B. Dotson, D. Sanchez Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt and P. Metzger (University of Central Florida)",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11029",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "arXiv preprint; licence not stated in the copy read"
    },
    "uct-thesis-2019": {
      "title": "Investigation of Material Properties of Sintered Black Point-1 Lunar Regolith Simulant (MPhil dissertation, Adebayo Olutumbi Ogunyinka)",
      "id": "University of Cape Town, SpaceLab, SL19-010M, September 2019",
      "url": "https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/ead778a3-7849-4fc1-9289-f09448b8c30b/content",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "University of Cape Town thesis; the title page limits use to private study or non-commercial research"
    },
    "pubchem-silica": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record CID 24261 (Silica), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification",
      "id": "PubChem CID 24261 (Silica); GHS notifications from ECHA and NITE-CMC",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24261/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem data, public"
    },
    "osha-z3": {
      "title": "OSHA Annotated Table Z-3, Mineral Dusts",
      "id": "OSHA annotated PEL tables, Table Z-3",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels/table-z-3",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "US government public information"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/bp-1-lunar-simulant/"
}