{ "spore": "profile", "id": "beryllium-copper", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "copper-alloys", "name": "Beryllium copper", "abbreviation": "BeCu", "role": "high-strength, non-magnetic conductive spring alloy", "category": "metals", "type": "copper-alloys", "summary": "Beryllium copper C17200 (CuBe2, Alloy 25) is a copper alloy with 1.80 to 2.00 wt% beryllium that is sold age-hardened for strength. Materion gives a 0.2% offset yield strength of 1000 to 1210 MPa in the AT temper and 1100 to 1380 MPa in the HT temper for thin sections, an electrical conductivity of 25 to 30 %IACS and a density of 8.36 g/cm3. The alloy is non-magnetic and non-sparking. Its main hazard is beryllium dust and fume: inhalation can cause chronic beryllium disease, and the legal exposure limits are very low.\n", "best_for": "High strength with useful conductivity and non-magnetic behaviour in springs, bushings, bearings and connectors, once beryllium exposure is controlled", "weakest_at": "Health: beryllium dust, mist and fume are a serious inhalation hazard. Strength also depends on temper, since annealed stock yields at only 130 to 250 MPa", "identity": { "formula": "Cu with 1.80 to 2.00 wt% Be, 0.20 wt% minimum Ni plus Co, and 0.6 wt% maximum Ni plus Co plus Fe; UNS C17200 (CuBe2, Alloy 25)", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "C17200", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line, first entry C17200; title line Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "CW101C", "source": "harald-cube2", "where": "Designations line: EN CW101C, CW101C" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "2.1247", "source": "harald-cube2", "where": "Designations line: W.Nr. 2.1247" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "CuBe2", "source": "harald-cube2", "where": "Designations line: CuBe2" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Alloy 25", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Title line: Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar" }, { "system": "CDA", "code": "172", "source": "aircraft-ams4533", "where": "Page title: Beryllium Copper Alloy 25 (UNS C17200 / CDA 172); composition table column CDA 172" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B196", "note": "rod and bar", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: ASTM B-196" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B643", "note": "tube", "source": "materion-tube", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: ASTM B643" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4533", "note": "rod and bar", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: AMS 4533" }, { "system": "AMS", "code": "4535", "note": "tube", "source": "materion-tube", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: AMS 4535" }, { "system": "SAE", "code": "J461", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: SAE J 461" }, { "system": "JIS", "code": "H3270", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Industry standards and specifications line: JIS H3270" } ], "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Chemical composition table, row C17200 (Beryllium 1.80 to 2.00, Nickel plus Cobalt 0.20 min, Nickel plus Cobalt plus Iron 0.6 max, Copper balance). The same composition is printed in the Aircraft Materials AMS 4533 sheet (Be 1.8-2.0, Co 0.2 min)." }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "mechanisms", "electronics-and-chips" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 8.36, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "unit_in_source": "0.302 lb/in3", "before_heat_treatment": "8.30 g/cm3 (0.300 lb/in3), as a note in the same table" }, "method": "Value printed in a Materion datasheet for the age-hardened condition", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Density, footnote **", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point (solidus), C17200", "value": 870, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "unit_in_source": "1600 °F", "property_type": "solidus" }, "method": "Value printed in a Materion datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Melting Point (Solidus)", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Modulus of elasticity, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 131, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "unit_in_source": "19,000 ksi" }, "method": "Value printed in a Materion datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Elastic Modulus", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 25, "value_high": 30, "bound": "range", "unit": "%IACS", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "unit_in_source": "25 - 30% IACS" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Electrical Conductivity/Resistivity, first line", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity", "label": "Electrical resistivity, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 5.8, "value_high": 6.9, "bound": "range", "unit": "μΩ-cm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "unit_in_source": "5.8 - 6.9 μΩ - cm" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Electrical Conductivity/Resistivity, second line", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity at 25 °C, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 105, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "temperature": "25 °C", "unit_in_source": "60 BTU/ft hr °F" }, "method": "Value printed in a Materion datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Thermal Conductivity (25 °C), metric line", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, C17200", "value": 17.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ppm/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temperature": "not stated in the table", "unit_in_source": "17.5 x 10-6 m/m °C" }, "method": "Value printed in a Materion datasheet, metric line", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties table, column Thermal Expansion Coefficient, metric line", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "relative_magnetic_permeability", "label": "Relative magnetic permeability, C17200 age-hardened", "value": 1.0006, "bound": "upper", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "precipitation age-hardened (heat treated)", "unit_in_source": "< 1.0006" }, "method": "Upper limit printed in a Materion tube datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-tube", "where": "Physical properties table, column Relative Magnetic Permeability", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Tube Data Sheet", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, tube data sheet", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Tube-Data-Sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, annealed temper A (TB00)", "value": 130, "value_high": 250, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "A (TB00), solution annealed", "size": "0.030 to 14 in (0.76 to 356 mm) diameter or thickness", "unit_in_source": "20 - 35 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row A (TB00), column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, hard temper H (TD04)", "value": 520, "value_high": 720, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "H (TD04), hard", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness", "unit_in_source": "75 - 105 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H (TD04) 0.030 - 0.375, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, age-hardened temper AT (TF00)", "value": 1000, "value_high": 1210, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "AT (TF00), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 3 in (0.76 to 76 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 3 hours", "unit_in_source": "145 - 175 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row AT (TF00) 0.030 - 3, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength 0.2% offset, age-hardened temper HT (TH04)", "value": 1100, "value_high": 1380, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "HT (TH04), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 2 to 3 hours", "unit_in_source": "160 - 200 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row HT (TH04) 0.030 - 0.375, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, annealed temper A (TB00)", "value": 410, "value_high": 590, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "A (TB00), solution annealed", "size": "0.030 to 14 in (0.76 to 356 mm) diameter or thickness", "unit_in_source": "60 - 85 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row A (TB00), column Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, hard temper H (TD04)", "value": 620, "value_high": 900, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "H (TD04), hard", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness", "unit_in_source": "90 - 130 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H (TD04) 0.030 - 0.375, column Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, age-hardened temper AT (TF00)", "value": 1140, "value_high": 1380, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "AT (TF00), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 3 in (0.76 to 76 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 3 hours", "unit_in_source": "165 - 200 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row AT (TF00) 0.030 - 3, column Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, age-hardened temper HT (TH04)", "value": 1280, "value_high": 1550, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "HT (TH04), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 2 to 3 hours", "unit_in_source": "185 - 225 ksi" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row HT (TH04) 0.030 - 0.375, column Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, annealed temper A (TB00)", "value": 20, "value_high": 75, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "A (TB00), solution annealed", "size": "0.030 to 14 in (0.76 to 356 mm) diameter or thickness" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table (percent column)", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row A (TB00), column Elongation, Percent", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, hard temper H (TD04)", "value": 8, "value_high": 30, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "H (TD04), hard", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table (percent column)", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row H (TD04) 0.030 - 0.375, column Elongation, Percent", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, age-hardened temper AT (TF00)", "value": 4, "value_high": 10, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "AT (TF00), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 3 in (0.76 to 76 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 3 hours" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table (percent column)", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row AT (TF00) 0.030 - 3, column Elongation, Percent", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation, age-hardened temper HT (TH04)", "value": 2, "value_high": 9, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "C17200 (Alloy 25)", "temper": "HT (TH04), precipitation age-hardened", "size": "0.030 to 0.375 in (0.76 to 9.5 mm) diameter or thickness", "heat_treatment": "600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C), after 2 to 3 hours" }, "method": "Range printed in a Materion datasheet, mechanical properties table (percent column)", "status": "ground", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, row HT (TH04) 0.030 - 0.375, column Elongation, Percent", "source_detail": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Seawater and down-hole oil and gas environments", "headline": "Wikipedia says C17200 has effective corrosion-resistant properties in harsh conditions such as seawater and down-hole environments.", "effect": "The same page says the alloy withstands sulphide and chloride stress corrosion cracking and resists the effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen embrittlement. No corrosion rate, test duration or specimen was read in any source.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "Qualitative statements in a web encyclopaedia; no test data read" }, "source": "wikipedia-becu", "where": "Corrosion resistance paragraph" }, { "environment": "General service", "headline": "Materion and voestalpine both list corrosion resistance among the alloy's properties, with no rate or test condition.", "effect": "Materion names high fatigue strength and resistance to wear, corrosion, galling and stress relaxation. voestalpine says the alloy has excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance and is suited to connectors and harsh-environment components.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "Manufacturer and supplier statements; no test data read" }, "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Overview paragraph (first paragraph of the rod and bar datasheet)" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "Beryllium dust, mist and fume are the main hazard. Inhalation can cause chronic beryllium disease, which restricts the exchange of oxygen between the lungs and the bloodstream.", "ghs": [], "source": "wikipedia-beryllium", "where": "Toxicity, Inhalation section" }, { "text": "Materion warns that processing beryllium-containing alloys poses a health risk if safe practices are not followed, and that inhalation of airborne beryllium can cause serious lung diseases in some individuals.", "ghs": [], "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Health and Safety section" }, { "text": "US occupational limits for airborne beryllium: an 8-hour time-weighted average of 0.2 µg/m3, a 15-minute short-term limit of 2.0 µg/m3, and an action level of 0.1 µg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA.", "ghs": [], "source": "cornell-1910-1024", "where": "29 CFR 1910.1024, paragraph (c)(1) time-weighted average PEL, paragraph (c)(2) short-term exposure limit, and paragraph (b) definition of action level" }, { "text": "The GHS box for elemental beryllium lists signal word Danger and hazard statements H301, H315, H317, H319, H330, H335, H350i and H372. These describe the element, not this alloy; the alloy's own safety data sheet was not read.", "ghs": [ "H301", "H315", "H317", "H319", "H330", "H335", "H350i", "H372" ], "source": "wikipedia-beryllium", "where": "GHS labelling box in the infobox, Hazards" }, { "text": "Wikipedia says IARC lists beryllium and its compounds as Category 1 carcinogens, and that the NTP also lists beryllium as a carcinogen.", "ghs": [], "source": "wikipedia-beryllium", "where": "Toxicity, Inhalation section (IARC statement)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Low strength in the annealed temper", "trigger": "Using A (TB00) stock where a high-strength part is needed without an age-hardening step", "consequence": "Annealed rod and bar has a 0.2% offset yield strength of 130 to 250 MPa, against 1000 to 1380 MPa for the aged AT and HT tempers (thin sections).", "severity": "moderate", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Mechanical properties table, rows A (TB00), AT (TF00) and HT (TH04)" }, { "mode": "Properties outside the stated ageing window", "trigger": "Age-hardening outside 600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C) or for a time other than the printed one", "consequence": "Materion gives its properties for the precipitation age-hardened condition only, so a part aged outside the printed window is outside the quoted values. The datasheet gives no measured consequence of that deviation.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties footnote (*) and Heat Treatment Required column of the mechanical properties table" } ], "side_effects": [ { "text": "The USGS says copper alloys with nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or other alloying elements, and phosphor bronze, may replace beryllium-copper, but the substitution can result in substantially reduced performance.", "affects": "Choice of substitute alloy in a design", "source": "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium", "where": "Substitutes paragraph" } ], "handling": [ { "text": "Read and follow the Safety Data Sheet and Materion's beryllium safety guidance before working with this material.", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Health and Safety section" }, { "text": "Specify the temper and size. Materion says properties may vary by diameter (rod) or thickness (bar) and specifies the physical and mechanical values only for the precipitation age-hardened condition.", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Physical properties footnote (*), and mechanical properties footnote (*)" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Bushings, bearings and springs", "example": "Materion lists bushings and bearings for aircraft among the typical applications of its tube. Wikipedia lists springs, spring wire and load cells as uses where the alloy must keep its shape under repeated stress.", "source": "materion-tube", "where": "Typical applications paragraph (tube datasheet); Uses section of wikipedia-becu" }, { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "Circular and coaxial connectors, test probes and compression contacts", "example": "Materion lists these as typical applications of its rod and bar, citing high fatigue strength and resistance to wear and stress relaxation. voestalpine says the alloy is non-magnetic and non-sparking and suited to connectors.", "source": "materion-rodbar", "where": "Overview paragraph; voestalpine C17200 page (voestalpine-c17200)" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Beryllium (mine production)", "producers": [ { "country": "United States", "share_percent": 53.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 18.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "share_percent": 17.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Nigeria", "share_percent": 9.3, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: recovered beryllium from new and old scrap may account for as much as 20% to 25% of total beryllium consumption. The leading US producer recovered about 40% of the beryllium content of new and old beryllium alloy scrap under its programme.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: copper alloys with nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or other alloying elements, and phosphor bronze, may be substituted for beryllium-copper alloys, with reduced performance." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total (rounded) 430 t of beryllium content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 230, 80, 77 and 40 over that total. Import sources 2021 to 24 (Kazakhstan 31%, Latvia 25%, Japan 19%, Germany 5%, other 20%) in Domestic Production and Use. Recycling and Substitutes sections." } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020), hosted by voestalpine", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Tube Data Sheet, hosted by voestalpine", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Tube-Data-Sheet.pdf" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Aircraft Materials, Beryllium Copper Alloy 25 (UNS C17200 / CDA 172) technical data sheet, AMS 4533", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/copper/ams4533.html" }, { "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024 Beryllium, Cornell Legal Information Institute", "type": "standard", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.1024" }, { "title": "Beryllium copper, Wikipedia", "type": "report", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_copper" }, { "title": "Beryllium, Wikipedia (toxicity and GHS box)", "type": "report", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium" }, { "title": "Harald Pihl, Copper Alloy 25 / CuBe2 (CW101C) product page", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.haraldpihl.com/en/products/copper-alloys/cube2-cw101c/" }, { "title": "voestalpine Specialty Metals, C17200 BeCu / Alloy 25 product page", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/en/materials/c17200-becu-alloy-25/" } ], "gaps": [ "Outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation and thermal-vacuum test results for beryllium copper were not found in any source opened in this run; the profile has no space-environment data.", "The alloy's own safety data sheet was not read. The hazard entries use OSHA's regulation text, Wikipedia's toxicity section and the GHS box for elemental beryllium, which describes the element and not C17200.", "NIOSH IDLH and REL values for beryllium were not entered. The CDC page returned HTTP 403, and the only other copy found was an unofficial 1994 archive, so it was not used.", "PubChem records were not used: the site returned a bot-check page.", "The USGS 2026 beryllium summary does not state a critical minerals list, so critical_lists is empty.", "Hardness values are not entered: the datasheets read in this run do not print a hardness, and the Wikipedia Rockwell figures are not from a datasheet.", "Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are given for the age-hardened condition only; values for the annealed temper were not printed in the datasheets read.", "Fatigue strength, stress-relaxation, galling and cold-welding figures were not found as numbers; Materion names these properties without values.", "Cryogenic behaviour and radiation effects were not looked up.", "Wikipedia gives a solidus of 866 °C in its own text. The Materion value of 870 °C from the datasheet is used instead, and the Wikipedia value is not entered.", "relative_magnetic_permeability is a snake_case name that is not in the canonical property list, so the canonical unit conversion may not apply.", "The voestalpine page states NACE MR0175 and ISO 15156 sour-service listings for C17200. These were not checked against the standards and are not entered.", "Density of the annealed (before heat treatment) condition is kept in the conditions field as printed; no separate property row was added." ], "story": { "why": "Beryllium copper is used where a copper alloy must be strong and springy. Materion gives it as the highest-strength copper alloy, with conductivity considerably higher than other high-strength copper alloys, and it is non-magnetic and non-sparking. Its strength comes from age-hardening with 1.80 to 2.00 wt% beryllium, so the same alloy can be soft and easy to form in one temper and very strong in another. The price of that strength is beryllium, whose dust and fume are a serious health hazard.", "uses": [ { "where": "Bearings and bushings", "line": "Materion lists bushings and bearings for aircraft among the typical applications of its tube, and Wikipedia lists springs and load cells as uses where the alloy must keep its shape under repeated stress." }, { "where": "Connectors and contacts", "line": "Materion lists circular and coaxial connectors, test probes and compression contacts among typical rod and bar applications." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength when aged", "line": "In the AT and HT tempers, the 0.2% offset yield strength is 1000 to 1210 MPa (AT) and 1100 to 1380 MPa (HT) for thin sections, according to Materion.", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material", "value": "1000 to 1380 MPa yield" }, { "label": "Conductivity", "line": "Materion gives 25 to 30 %IACS for the age-hardened condition, against 5.8 to 6.9 µΩ-cm resistivity.", "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "scope": "material", "value": "25 to 30 %IACS" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "The modulus of elasticity is 131 GPa (19,000 ksi) in the age-hardened condition.", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material", "value": "131 GPa" }, { "label": "Weight", "line": "Density is 8.36 g/cm3 after heat treatment and 8.30 g/cm3 before it, per Materion's footnote.", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material", "value": "8.36 g/cm3" }, { "label": "Non-magnetic", "line": "The tube datasheet gives a relative magnetic permeability below 1.0006.", "benchmark": "relative_magnetic_permeability", "scope": "material", "value": "< 1.0006" } ], "compare": "Materion describes C17200 as having the highest strength of any copper alloy, with electrical and thermal conductivity considerably greater than other high-strength copper alloys. The USGS says copper alloys with nickel and silicon, tin, titanium or phosphor bronze may replace beryllium-copper, but with reduced performance. Read the rows below as values for this alloy only.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Yield strength", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Electrical conductivity", "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Specify the temper and size, because yield strength runs from 130 to 250 MPa in the annealed condition up to 1380 MPa when aged.", "Follow the Safety Data Sheet and treat all machining, grinding and fume as a beryllium exposure risk.", "Keep exposure below the OSHA limits of 0.2 µg/m3 (8-hour TWA) and 2.0 µg/m3 (15-minute short-term)." ], "good_for": [ "Springs, bushings and bearings that need high strength and a non-magnetic, non-sparking alloy", "Connectors, contacts and test probes that need strength together with conductivity", "Recycling: the USGS says scrap may supply as much as 20% to 25% of beryllium consumption" ], "watch_out": [ "Beryllium dust, mist and fume: inhalation can cause chronic beryllium disease, and IARC lists beryllium as a Category 1 carcinogen", "Temper matters: annealed stock is soft, and the high strengths need the printed ageing step", "Supply is concentrated: the United States, Brazil, China and Nigeria produced about 99% of 2025 mine output in the USGS table (shares computed from the table, with rounded world total)", "No space-environment test data were found for this alloy" ], "verdict": "Beryllium copper C17200 is a strong, conductive, non-magnetic copper alloy whose age-hardened tempers reach 1000 to 1380 MPa yield strength and 25 to 30 %IACS conductivity. Its beryllium content makes dust and fume a serious health hazard, and its strength depends on the temper chosen. This profile has no space-environment data.", "recipe": { "line": "C17200 is a copper alloy (Cu) with 1.80 to 2.00 wt% beryllium, plus small amounts of nickel and cobalt. It is sold in a solution-annealed (A) condition and age-hardened to its high-strength tempers at 600 to 675 °F (315 to 357 °C) (Materion).", "parts": [ { "name": "Beryllium", "symbol": "Be", "role": "The age-hardening element. Materion calls the alloy precipitation age-hardened, which gives the high-strength tempers." }, { "name": "Nickel plus cobalt", "symbol": "Ni+Co", "role": "Minor additions. Materion sets a maximum of 0.6 wt% for nickel, cobalt and iron together." }, { "name": "Copper", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "The matrix and the main metal." } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The alloy itself is a solid copper alloy, but processing it can release beryllium dust or fume, and that is the serious hazard.", "points": [ { "label": "Lungs", "line": "Inhaled beryllium can cause chronic beryllium disease, which restricts the exchange of oxygen between the lungs and the bloodstream. Materion says processing beryllium-containing alloys poses a health risk without safe practice." }, { "label": "Limits", "line": "US law sets an 8-hour average limit of 0.2 µg/m3 and a 15-minute limit of 2.0 µg/m3, with an action level of 0.1 µg/m3." }, { "label": "Carcinogen", "line": "IARC lists beryllium and its compounds as Category 1 carcinogens, according to Wikipedia." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Serious inhalation hazard" }, { "title": "If it fails", "lead": "These failure routes come from the datasheets and are about temper and heat treatment, not corrosion failure.", "points": [ { "label": "Soft stock", "line": "Annealed rod and bar yields at 130 to 250 MPa, against 1000 to 1380 MPa for the aged AT and HT tempers." }, { "label": "Wrong ageing", "line": "Materion gives its values only for the precipitation age-hardened condition, so a part aged outside the printed window is outside the quoted properties." } ] }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "points": [ { "label": "Follow the sheet", "line": "Read the Safety Data Sheet and Materion's beryllium safety guidance before working with the material." }, { "label": "Specify the temper", "line": "Properties vary with diameter or thickness, so state the temper and size on every order." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-25", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 20, "unreachable": 1, "caveats": 5, "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the Materion datasheets (rod and bar, tube), extracted from the PDFs. Unreachable: the CDC NIOSH IDLH page (HTTP 403). Caveats: all mechanical and physical values are Materion's nominal values for age-hardened stock of stated sizes, not minimum specification values; the Wikipedia corrosion and toxicity statements are qualitative; the OSHA limits come from the regulation text; the GHS box describes elemental beryllium, not the alloy; no space-environment data were found." }, "sources": { "materion-rodbar": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Rod and Bar Data Sheet, DS-AM-23 (2020)", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, DS-AM-23, copyright 2020", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Rod-and-Bar-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2020, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "materion-tube": { "title": "Materion Alloy 25 (C17200) Tube Data Sheet", "id": "Materion Performance Alloys and Composites, tube data sheet", "url": "https://voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/app/uploads/sites/255/2024/07/Alloy-25-C17200-Tube-Data-Sheet.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium", "id": "USGS MCS 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "aircraft-ams4533": { "title": "Beryllium Copper Alloy 25 (UNS C17200 / CDA 172) Technical Data Sheet, Aircraft Materials", "id": "AMS 4533, CDA 172", "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/copper/ams4533.html", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "cornell-1910-1024": { "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024 Beryllium, Cornell Legal Information Institute", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.1024", "kind": "standard", "license": "US federal regulation (public domain)" }, "wikipedia-becu": { "title": "Beryllium copper, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_copper", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" }, "wikipedia-beryllium": { "title": "Beryllium, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" }, "harald-cube2": { "title": "Harald Pihl, Copper Alloy 25 / CuBe2 (CW101C) product page", "url": "https://www.haraldpihl.com/en/products/copper-alloys/cube2-cw101c/", "kind": "web", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "voestalpine-c17200": { "title": "voestalpine Specialty Metals, C17200 BeCu / Alloy 25 product page", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/specialtymetals/nam/en/materials/c17200-becu-alloy-25/", "kind": "web", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/beryllium-copper/" }