{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "beryllium-aluminium",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "aluminium-alloys",
  "name": "AlBeMet AM162 (beryllium-aluminium metal matrix, 62Be-38Al)",
  "abbreviation": "Be-Al AM162",
  "role": "light, stiff structural and heat-spreading metal matrix composite",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "aluminium",
  "summary": "AlBeMet AM162 is a powder-metallurgy composite of about 62 wt% beryllium and 38 wt% aluminium, made by Materion (formerly Brush Wellman). Its density is 2.071 g/cm3 in one Materion table and 2.10 g/cm3 in another, its elastic modulus is 193 GPa and its thermal conductivity is 210 W/(m·K) at 25 °C. Materion says it is used for heat sinks and structures in aircraft and satellite avionics. Its wrought strength is lower than 2024-T6 aluminium, and the beryllium content makes dust control a requirement in machining.\n",
  "best_for": "Light, stiff heat-spreading structures for avionics and satellites: 193 GPa modulus and 210 W/(m·K) thermal conductivity at about 2.1 g/cm3 (Materion data)",
  "weakest_at": "Wrought tensile strength below 2024-T6 aluminium (Materion), beryllium dust in machining, and space heritage that rests on the manufacturer's own statements",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Aluminium-beryllium metal matrix composite, nominally 62 wt% Be and 38 wt% Al (Be 60.0 to 64.0 wt% per the AM162H specification; Al by difference)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AlBeMet",
        "source": "materion-datasheet",
        "where": "Title block, AlBeMet Property Datasheet"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AM162",
        "source": "materion-datasheet",
        "where": "Physical properties table, column AM162"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AM162H",
        "note": "hot isostatic pressed (HIP) product specification",
        "source": "materion-am162h",
        "where": "Title and section 1.1 (AM162H, produced by HIP)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "materion-am162h",
    "where": "Section 2.1 chemical composition table (Be minimum 60.0 and maximum 64.0 weight %, Al by difference); composition 62% beryllium/38% aluminum in the Materion AVIONICS MATERIALS brochure (MAE-002-0). Process: gas-atomized powder, cold isostatic pressing, canning and extrusion with a minimum 4:1 reduction (Materion datasheet)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "thermal-control",
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "optics-and-cameras"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, AM162 wrought (physical properties table)",
      "value": 2.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162 wrought; form not stated in this table",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cm3 (lbs/in3) 2.10 (0.076)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet. The same datasheet's comparison table gives 2.071 g/cm3 for the same grade (next row); the two values disagree.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same datasheet's physical properties table lists 2.77 g/cm3 for 2024T6 and 2.70 g/cm3 for 6061T6 aluminium.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Density, column AM 162",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, HIP'd, extruded and rolled AM162",
      "value": 2.071,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "forms": "HIP'd; extruded rod, bar and tube; rolled sheet (the same value is printed for all three)",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cm3 (lb/in3) 2.071 (0.0748)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Bulk density range, AM162H specification",
      "value": 2.071,
      "value_high": 2.122,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162H, HIP'd product heat-treated 24 hours at 593 C",
        "method_in_source": "water displacement",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cm3 (lbs/in3) minimum 2.071 (0.075), maximum 2.122 (0.077)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum and maximum printed in the Materion AM162H specification, section 3.1",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-am162h",
      "where": "Section 3.1 density table, row AM162; section 3.2 for the method",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (Materion Beryllium and Composites, effective August 20, 2018)",
        "id": "AM162H, HIP'd AlBeMet",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "Manufacturer specification (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, AM162 wrought (physical properties table)",
      "value": 193,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162 wrought; form and temperature not stated in this table",
        "unit_in_source": "GPa (Msi) 193 (28)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same datasheet's physical properties table lists 72 GPa for 2024T6 and 70 GPa for 6061T6 aluminium.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Typical modulus, extruded rod, bar and tube",
      "value": 202,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded rod, bar and tube",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "GPa (Msi) 202 (29)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 197 GPa typical for HIP'd product and 193 GPa typical for rolled sheet.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Typical Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, AM162 wrought",
      "value": 0.17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162 wrought; form and temperature not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Poisson's Ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion at 25 C, all forms",
      "value": 13.91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 C",
        "form": "HIP'd, extruded and rolled sheet (the same value printed for all three)",
        "unit_in_source": "ppm/C (ppm/F) 13.91 (7.73)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet. The unit ppm/C is the same as ppm/K.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 22.9 ppm/C for 2024T6 and 23.6 ppm/C for 6061T6 at 25 C. The physical properties table prints 13.9 ppm/C for AM162.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Coefficient of Thermal Expansion at 25 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 25 C, all forms",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 C",
        "form": "HIP'd, extruded and rolled sheet (the same value printed for all three)",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m-K (Btu/hr-ft-F) 210 (121)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 151 W/m-K for 2024T6 and 167 W/m-K for 6061T6 at 25 C.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Thermal Conductivity at 25 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 C, AM162 wrought",
      "value": 1465,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "J/Kg K (BTU/lb F) 1465 (0.350)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The lookpolymers.com reseller page prints 1.56 J/g-C at 20.0 C (1560 J/(kg·K)), which disagrees with the manufacturer's 1465; this profile uses the manufacturer value.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Specific Heat",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity at 20 C, AM162 wrought",
      "value": 49,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "product": "AM162 wrought"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Electrical Conductivity @ 20 C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 C, AM162",
      "value": 0.0000035,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ohm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.00000350 ohm-cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reseller product page (lookpolymers.com) that reproduces Materion data; the page does not name a primary test. Consistent in order of magnitude with the 49 %IACS datasheet value.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "lookpolymers-am162",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Materion AlBeMet AM 162 Extruded Bar, Annealed (LookPolymers product page reproducing Materion values)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_Materion-AlBeMet-AM-162-Extruded-Bar-Annealed.php",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reseller product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range, solidus to liquidus",
      "value": 644,
      "value_high": 1180,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "solidus 644 C and liquidus 1180 C printed as the melting range",
        "unit_in_source": "644 - 1180 C (1190 - 2160 F)"
      },
      "method": "Values printed on a reseller product page (lookpolymers.com) that reproduces Materion data",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "lookpolymers-am162",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, rows Melting Point, Solidus and Liquidus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Materion AlBeMet AM 162 Extruded Bar, Annealed (LookPolymers product page reproducing Materion values)",
        "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_Materion-AlBeMet-AM-162-Extruded-Bar-Annealed.php",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reseller product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Minimum yield strength, HIP'd AM162H",
      "value": 193,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162H, HIP'd billet",
        "heat_treatment": "24 hours at 593 C",
        "test": "room temperature, ASTM E-8",
        "unit_in_source": "ksi (MPa) 28 (193)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material specification; determined for each material lot",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-am162h",
      "where": "Section 4.1, row Yield Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (Materion Beryllium and Composites, effective August 20, 2018)",
        "id": "AM162H, HIP'd AlBeMet",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "Manufacturer specification (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Minimum ultimate tensile strength, HIP'd AM162H",
      "value": 262,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162H, HIP'd billet",
        "heat_treatment": "24 hours at 593 C",
        "test": "room temperature, ASTM E-8",
        "unit_in_source": "ksi (MPa) 38 (262)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-am162h",
      "where": "Section 4.1, row Ultimate Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (Materion Beryllium and Composites, effective August 20, 2018)",
        "id": "AM162H, HIP'd AlBeMet",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "Manufacturer specification (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Minimum elongation, HIP'd AM162H",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AM162H, HIP'd billet",
        "heat_treatment": "24 hours at 593 C",
        "test": "room temperature, ASTM E-8"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer material specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-am162h",
      "where": "Section 4.1, row Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (Materion Beryllium and Composites, effective August 20, 2018)",
        "id": "AM162H, HIP'd AlBeMet",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
        "year": 2018,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "Manufacturer specification (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Minimum yield strength, extruded rod, bar and tube",
      "value": 276,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded rod, bar and tube",
        "direction": "longitudinal (mechanical values are in the direction of extrusion, per the datasheet footnote)",
        "unit_in_source": "MPa (Ksi) 276 (40)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet. The reseller page lookpolymers.com also prints 276 MPa as the minimum yield for extruded bar.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Minimum Yield Strength, column Extruded Rod, Bar, Tube",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Minimum ultimate tensile strength, extruded rod, bar and tube",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded rod, bar and tube",
        "direction": "in the direction of extrusion",
        "unit_in_source": "MPa (Ksi) 400 (58)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the comparison table of a manufacturer property datasheet. The reseller page lookpolymers.com prints a minimum of 379 MPa for the same product; the two sources disagree and both are recorded here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The datasheet's rolled sheet minimum is 379 MPa (55 ksi) and its HIP'd minimum is 262 MPa (38 ksi).",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Comparison table, row Minimum Ultimate Strength, column Extruded Rod, Bar, Tube",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Typical yield strength, extruded bar after 593 C for 24 h",
      "value": 328,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded bar",
        "heat_treatment": "593 C for 24 hours",
        "test": "room temperature",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "MPa (Ksi) 328 (48)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet (the brochure prints 328 MPa (47 ksi) for the same condition)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 221 MPa for HIP'd and 314 MPa for rolled sheet under the same heat treatment.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Table Typical Tensile Yield Strength at Room Temperature, row Extruded Bar",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Typical ultimate tensile strength, extruded bar after 593 C for 24 h",
      "value": 439,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded bar",
        "heat_treatment": "593 C for 24 hours",
        "test": "room temperature",
        "basis": "typical value",
        "unit_in_source": "MPa (Ksi) 439 (64)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 288 MPa for HIP'd and 413 MPa for rolled sheet under the same heat treatment.",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Table Typical Tensile Yield Strength at Room Temperature, row Extruded Bar, column Ultimate Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Typical elongation, extruded bar after 593 C for 24 h",
      "value": 9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded bar",
        "heat_treatment": "593 C for 24 hours",
        "test": "room temperature",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Table Typical Tensile Yield Strength at Room Temperature, row Extruded Bar, column Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fatigue_strength",
      "label": "Rotating-beam fatigue strength at 1 x 10^8 cycles, extruded product",
      "value": 207,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "extruded product, transverse direction",
        "test": "Krause rotating beam, fully reversed, R=-1",
        "cycles": "1 x 10^8",
        "unit_in_source": "about 207 MPa (30 ksi)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the fatigue section of a Materion brochure. The brochure states the limit is about 75 % of the minimum room-temperature yield strength.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The reseller page lookpolymers.com prints 165 MPa at 1.00e+7 cycles transverse and 207 MPa longitudinal, with R=0.1. The two sources differ in cycle count, direction and R-ratio, so the values are not interchangeable.",
      "source": "materion-brochure",
      "where": "Fatigue Properties section, text and Fig. 1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Beryllium Metal Matrix Composite: AVIONICS MATERIALS (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAE-002-0)",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/004709dccc4d11eeb0c44e00a5bca88f",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
      "label": "Fracture toughness K1c, AM162 (datasheet range)",
      "value": 11,
      "value_high": 23,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa√m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "AM162 wrought; form and orientation not stated in this table",
        "unit_in_source": "ksi√in (MPa√m) 10-21 (11-23)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the physical properties table of a manufacturer property datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The reseller page lookpolymers.com gives average K_IC values of 10.2, 10.8, 11.3 and 23.9 MPa√m by orientation (SL, ST, TL, LT).",
      "source": "materion-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Fracture Toughness K1c, column AM162",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
        "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "3.5 % NaCl solution under constant stress, 30 days (C-ring test, ASTM G38-73, Materion)",
      "headline": "No stress-corrosion cracking in 30 days of salt-solution testing for AM 162 sheet and extruded product.",
      "effect": "Materion tested AM 162 sheet and extruded product with ASTM G38-73 C-ring specimens taken in four orientations, held 30 days in 3.5 % NaCl under constant strain, and reports no susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. ESTEC (European Space Agency materials laboratory) tested subsize specimens loaded to 75 % of the 0.2 % proof stress, immersed in 3.5 % NaCl for 10 minutes and dried for 50 minutes, repeated for 30 days. None failed, and a later tensile test showed no degradation.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test_materion": "ASTM G38-73 C-ring, 30 days, 3.5 % NaCl, constant strain",
        "test_estec": "ASTM E8-m subsize, 75 % of 0.2 % proof stress, 30 days cycled immersion",
        "stress_table": "AM 162 test stress 291 MPa, average Rp0.2 407 MPa (Table 4)"
      },
      "source": "materion-brochure",
      "where": "Stress Corrosion Cracking section and Table 4 (ESTEC Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Results)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "500 hour salt fog test for an electronic module, with a protective finish",
      "headline": "Passed a 500 hour salt fog test only with anodizing, electroless nickel or cadmium over nickel.",
      "effect": "Materion says one electronic module had to pass a 500 hour salt fog test. The brochure reports that this was met by anodizing (Class 1, Type 1), by electroless nickel plating, or by cadmium plating over nickel. Chemical conversion coating (Alodine) and BR 127 sprayed adhesive primer are also named as coatings used on AlBeMet parts.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "500 hour salt fog",
        "finishes": "anodizing Class 1 Type 1; electroless nickel; cadmium over nickel",
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; test standard not named"
      },
      "source": "materion-brochure",
      "where": "Coating section"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's aggregated ECHA C&L summary for elemental beryllium (21 notifications from 400 company reports) lists H301, H315, H317, H319, H330, H335, H350, H350i and H372, with the signal word Danger. The percentages are the share of reports that gave each code; H350i (26.5 %) and H350 (71.8 %) are both listed. The alloy is 60 to 64 % beryllium, so these codes are a guide for the metal, not a classification of the alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H301",
          "H315",
          "H317",
          "H319",
          "H330",
          "H335",
          "H350",
          "H350i",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-be",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 5460467, Beryllium)"
      },
      {
        "text": "OSHA workplace limit for beryllium in air: 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour time-weighted average, 2.0 ug/m3 over a 15-minute sampling period, and an action level of 0.1 ug/m3 as an 8-hour average (29 CFR 1910.1024, paragraphs (b) and (c)).",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "osha-1910-1024",
        "where": "Paragraph (c)(1) and (c)(2); action level definition in paragraph (b)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Notch sensitivity in AM 162 sheet",
        "trigger": "Sharp notches or stress concentrations in sheet product",
        "consequence": "The Materion brochure cites old Lockalloy data giving a notch strength ratio of 0.98 for the sheet, and says there may be some notch sensitivity that will be tested later. The extruded product showed notch strengthening (notch ratios 1.3 to 1.6 in Table 3).",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Notched Strength/Pin Bearing Strength section and Table 3"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fatigue at high cycle counts",
        "trigger": "Cyclic loading at 1 x 10^8 cycles, transverse direction of extruded product",
        "consequence": "The brochure gives a fatigue limit of about 207 MPa (30 ksi), which it says is about 75 % of the minimum room-temperature yield strength of the product. The reseller page prints lower values for the transverse direction at 1 x 10^7 cycles, so the design value depends on the source used.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Fatigue Properties section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Machining wears tools faster than aluminium. The brochure says cutting is 15 to 20 % slower than 6061-T6, and tool wear is typically two times that of aluminium because the beryllium in the matrix is abrasive.",
        "affects": "Tool cost and machining time",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Fabrication Technologies, Machining"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining and forming produce fine airborne beryllium particles that can pose a health risk to people sensitive to beryllium. The brochure says a facility able to handle beryllium-containing materials is needed.",
        "affects": "Workers and the machining facility",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Fabrication Technologies, Machining"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Materion says handling AlBeMet in solid form poses no special health risk. The same company notes that inhaled airborne beryllium may cause a serious lung disorder in susceptible people, and that the safety data sheet must be read before working with the material.",
        "source": "materion-datasheet",
        "where": "Handling paragraph at the foot of the datasheet"
      },
      {
        "text": "Form sheet at over 200 C (400 F), a higher temperature than aluminium forming. The forming rate is slightly slower, especially for severe bends.",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Fabrication Technologies, Forming"
      },
      {
        "text": "Specify the form and heat treatment. The AM162H minimum values apply to material heat-treated for 24 hours at 593 C, and mechanical test lots use the same treatment.",
        "source": "materion-am162h",
        "where": "Sections 4.2 and 4.3"
      },
      {
        "text": "For electron-beam welding, the nickel plating must be stripped completely first. The NASA mirror demonstration removed the nickel before cutting and welding the segments.",
        "source": "nasa-tb-2012",
        "where": "Welded segmented mirror text"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Use anodizing, electroless nickel plating or cadmium plating over nickel as protective finishes. The brochure reports these passed a 500 hour salt fog test.",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Coating section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Process in a facility built for beryllium-containing materials so fine airborne particles are removed at source (brochure).",
        "source": "materion-brochure",
        "where": "Fabrication Technologies, Machining"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Satellite structure: separation brackets and vertical gussets on the ORBCOMM satellite",
      "example": "Materion says AM 162 separation brackets and vertical gussets on an ORBCOMM satellite showed no cracks after repeated separation tests, and that the spacecraft needed a material at least equal to 6061-T6 aluminium to survive the Pegasus launch transient. The brochure is a manufacturer document; it is not an independent flight record.",
      "source": "materion-brochure",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength text and Notched Strength/Pin Bearing Strength text"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Avionics heat sinks and covers (SEM-E format)",
      "example": "The Materion brochure shows AlBeMet SEM-E heat sinks and covers and gives a density of 2.1 g/cc with a modulus of 193 GPa, which it says is four times the stiffness of aluminium for the same weight. Materion says the material is used for heat sinks and structural parts in aircraft and satellite avionics.",
      "source": "materion-brochure",
      "where": "Introduction, photo caption (AIBeMet SEM-E heat sinks and covers) and Physical Properties paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "optics-and-cameras",
      "device": "Segmented welded mirror substrate (ground demonstration; not flown)",
      "example": "NASA Goddard's Phase I study welded four segments of AlBeMet AM162H into a plano mirror. The monolithic mirror reached a surface figure of nearly 1/4 wave (0.286 lambda) at 633 nm, and the segmented mirror reached a surface figure of less than 0.7 at 633 nm.",
      "source": "nasa-tb-2012",
      "where": "Lightweight Metal Matrix Composite Segmented for Manufacturing High-Precision Mirrors (NASA Tech Briefs, September 2012, GSC-16165-1)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Beryllium",
      "abundance": "2.8 ppm in the Earth's crust (USGS Professional Paper 1802-A, Table A1, from Jefferson Science Associates 2014)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 53.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 18.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 17.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 Final List of Critical Minerals (Beryllium listed)",
          "listed": true
        },
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials list (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252, Beryllium listed)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: beryllium recovered from new and old scrap may account for as much as 20 % to 25 % of total consumption. The leading U.S. producer recovers about 40 % of the beryllium content of alloy scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: certain metal matrix or organic composites, high-strength grades of aluminum, pyrolytic graphite, silicon carbide, steel or titanium may be substituted for beryllium metal or beryllium composites, with some loss of performance."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 430 t of beryllium content, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 230, 80, 77 and 40 t). Recycling; Substitutes. Abundance from USGS PP 1802-A Table A1."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium (feedstock as bauxite)",
      "abundance": "Global bauxite resources estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons (USGS)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 Final List of Critical Minerals (Aluminum listed)",
          "listed": true
        },
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials list (aluminium merged with bauxite, which is listed)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 3.6 million tons of aluminum were recovered from purchased scrap in the United States in 2025; about 56 % came from new scrap and 44 % from old scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: composites, magnesium, steel and titanium can substitute for aluminum in ground transportation; copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet, Materion (MAAB-017-1015)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726"
    },
    {
      "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (effective August 20, 2018), Materion",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "Materion AVIONICS MATERIALS brochure, Beryllium Metal Matrix Composite (MAE-002-0)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/004709dccc4d11eeb0c44e00a5bca88f"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA Tech Briefs: Lightweight Metal Matrix Composite Segmented for Manufacturing High-Precision Mirrors (NTRS 20120014110)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120014110",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Beryllium (CID 5460467), GHS classification summary",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5460467"
    },
    {
      "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024 Beryllium (OSHA)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No UNS, EN, ASTM or AMS designation for AM162 was printed in any source we read; only the trade names and the Materion AM162H specification code are recorded.",
    "No independent flight data for the alloy. The ORBCOMM satellite use and the ESTEC approval for satellite structures are Materion statements; the ESA approval document, its scope and any ECSS qualification were not found.",
    "No outgassing, total mass loss, collected volatile condensable material, thermal vacuum or radiation result for AM162 was found in a source we could open.",
    "No atomic oxygen erosion or oxidation result for the alloy was found; the beryllium-aluminium oxide behaviour in low Earth orbit is unknown from our sources.",
    "No galvanic corrosion data against other spacecraft metals, and no humidity or atmospheric corrosion rate for AM162, were found.",
    "Cryogenic and high-temperature tensile data beyond the brochure's notch and bearing table (-195 C and 200 C) were not found; the brochure says tensile properties rise at low temperature and fall at high temperature without numbers.",
    "Aluminium crustal abundance is not in USGS PP 1802-A Table A1 (the table covers beryllium and lithium here), so no abundance number is recorded for aluminium.",
    "The electroless nickel phosphorus content matched to the CTE, which Wikipedia mentions without a citation, was not used because no primary source for it was found.",
    "PubChem hazard codes describe elemental beryllium, not the 62 wt% alloy; no alloy-specific GHS classification was found.",
    "Fracture toughness has no canonical benchmark name in the property canon; the name fracture_toughness is used here and is not yet in the shared list."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AlBeMet AM162 is a beryllium-aluminium metal matrix composite with about 62 wt% beryllium and 38 wt% aluminium, made by Materion, the company formerly known as Brush Wellman. Its density is 2.071 g/cm3 in one Materion table and 2.10 g/cm3 in another, which is lighter than 2024-T6 (2.77 g/cm3) and 6061-T6 (2.70 g/cm3) aluminium. It is stiffer than aluminium, with an elastic modulus of 193 GPa and a thermal conductivity of 210 W/(m·K) at 25 C. Materion sells it for avionics heat sinks and satellite structures, and reports an ESTEC approval for satellite structures that we could not check against an ESA document.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Satellite structures",
        "line": "Materion says AM 162 separation brackets and gussets on the ORBCOMM satellite showed no cracks after repeated separation tests. The company reports an ESA approval for satellite structures. We found no ESA document to confirm the scope of that approval."
      },
      {
        "where": "Avionics heat sinks",
        "line": "Materion's brochure shows SEM-E heat sinks and covers made from the alloy for aircraft and satellite avionics."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space mirror, ground demonstration",
        "line": "A 2012 NASA Goddard study welded four AlBeMet AM162H segments into a mirror. The segmented mirror reached a surface figure of less than 0.7 at 633 nm. It was a Phase I feasibility study and no flight is recorded."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The elastic modulus is 193 GPa in the Materion datasheet's physical properties table, and the brochure says its stiffness per unit weight is four times that of aluminium.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat spreading",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 210 W/(m·K) at 25 C in the Materion comparison table.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "line": "The coefficient of thermal expansion is 13.91 ppm/K at 25 C, against 22.9 ppm/C for 2024-T6 and 23.6 ppm/C for 6061-T6 in the same table.",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Wrought strength",
        "line": "Extruded bar has a minimum yield strength of 276 MPa, and a typical yield of 328 MPa after 593 C for 24 hours.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "276 MPa minimum"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conduction",
        "line": "Electrical conductivity is 49 %IACS at 20 C in the Materion physical properties table.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Materion's datasheet compares AM162 with 2024-T6 and 6061-T6 aluminium. AM162 is lighter (2.10 g/cm3 against 2.77 and 2.70), has a higher modulus (193 GPa against 72 and 70 GPa), a lower thermal expansion (13.9 ppm/C against 22.9 and 23.6), and a higher thermal conductivity (210 W/m-K against 151 and 167). Its wrought tensile strength is below 2024-T6 and comparable to 6061-T6, according to the same datasheet.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the form and heat treatment. The AM162H minimum values apply to material heat-treated 24 hours at 593 C.",
      "Machine with carbide tools at speeds about 15 to 20 % slower than 6061-T6. Tool wear is about two times that of aluminium.",
      "Form sheet at over 200 C (400 F).",
      "Use a facility built for beryllium-containing materials to remove fine airborne particles.",
      "Strip the nickel plating before electron-beam welding, as the NASA mirror study did."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Light, stiff heat spreaders: 193 GPa and 210 W/(m·K) at about 2.1 g/cm3, per Materion.",
      "Parts that must hold shape across temperature changes: 13.91 ppm/K at 25 C.",
      "Salt-solution exposure: no stress-corrosion cracking in 30 days of 3.5 % NaCl testing, per Materion's brochure."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Wrought strength is below 2024-T6 aluminium, and the minimum tensile strength of extruded product is quoted as 400 MPa by Materion and 379 MPa by a reseller.",
      "Beryllium dust: the solid is low risk according to Materion, but machining dust is a serious inhalation hazard.",
      "The density is 2.071 g/cm3 in one Materion table and 2.10 g/cm3 in another. Check the specification revision before design.",
      "Space heritage rests on the manufacturer's statements; we found no independent outgassing, atomic oxygen or flight data for the alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "AM162 is a light, stiff beryllium-aluminium composite for avionics heat sinks and satellite structures, supported by Materion's own test data, including no stress-corrosion cracking in 30 days of 3.5 % NaCl testing. The beryllium content requires dust control in processing, and the space record we found comes from the manufacturer and a 2012 ground demonstration.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AM162 is a beryllium-aluminium composite made by powder metallurgy, not by melting and casting. Materion gas-atomizes an aluminium-beryllium alloy into spherical powder, cold isostatically presses the powder into semi-dense billets, cans the billets and extrudes them with a minimum 4:1 reduction (Materion datasheet). The brochure also names hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and sheet rolling as routes to the same grade.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Beryllium",
          "symbol": "Be",
          "role": "The stiff, light, low-expansion phase. The AM162H specification sets the beryllium content between 60.0 and 64.0 weight %, and the brochure gives a nominal 62 %.",
          "share_percent": 60,
          "share_high": 64,
          "source": "materion-am162h",
          "where": "Section 2.1 chemical composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "The matrix that makes up the rest of the composition. The specification gives no separate range for it.",
          "share_note": "balance (38 % nominal per the brochure; the specification determines aluminium by difference)",
          "source": "materion-am162h",
          "where": "Chemical composition section and its method note (aluminium by difference)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Impurity, set as a maximum by the specification.",
          "share_high": 1,
          "share_note": "maximum 1.0 weight %",
          "source": "materion-am162h",
          "where": "Section 2.1 chemical composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Impurity, set as a maximum by the specification.",
          "share_high": 0.1,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.1 weight %",
          "source": "materion-am162h",
          "where": "Section 2.1 chemical composition table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy is 60 to 64 % beryllium by weight. Materion says the solid poses no special health risk when safe-handling rules are followed, but beryllium dust and fume carry serious health risks.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The metal",
            "line": "PubChem's aggregated ECHA summary for elemental beryllium lists H330 (fatal if inhaled) and H372 (damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure), with the signal word Danger. The same summary lists H350 and H350i (may cause cancer; by inhalation)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Workplace limit",
            "line": "US law sets the beryllium limit in air at 0.2 ug/m3 as an 8-hour average and 2.0 ug/m3 over 15 minutes, with an action level of 0.1 ug/m3."
          },
          {
            "label": "Machining",
            "line": "Machining and forming give off fine airborne particles. The brochure says a facility able to handle beryllium-containing material is needed to remove them."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust is the concern"
      },
      {
        "title": "Design limits",
        "lead": "The sources report no failures in service. The limits below are data points a designer must allow for.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Sharp notches",
            "line": "Materion cites old data with a notch strength ratio of 0.98 for sheet and says there may be some notch sensitivity, to be tested."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fatigue",
            "line": "The brochure gives a fatigue limit of about 207 MPa at 1 x 10^8 cycles, transverse, about 75 % of the minimum room-temperature yield strength."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Known limits, no failures reported"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and processing",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Forming",
            "line": "Sheet is formed at over 200 C (400 F). Tool wear in machining is about two times that of aluminium."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Specify the form and heat treatment. The AM162H minimum values apply to material heat-treated 24 hours at 593 C."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the Materion datasheet, AM162H specification and brochure PDFs, the NASA tech brief, the USGS 2026 summaries, and the PubChem and OSHA pages. Caveats: density (2.071 and 2.10 g/cm3) and minimum ultimate strength (400 and 379 MPa) disagree between sources; the fatigue values differ by test condition; the ESA approval rests on Materion's statement."
  },
  "sources": {
    "materion-datasheet": {
      "title": "AlBeMet Property Datasheet (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAAB-017-1015): Physical properties of AlBeMet 162 compared to common aluminum; AM162 comparison table; typical tensile properties; handling",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/d896d6d2a04211ee94aa3aa4a5458726",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "materion-am162h": {
      "title": "AlBeMet Material Specification AM162H, Rev. B (Materion Beryllium and Composites, effective August 20, 2018)",
      "id": "AM162H, HIP'd AlBeMet",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/58de5f2ccc4911eea8694e00a5bca88f",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "Manufacturer specification (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "materion-brochure": {
      "title": "Beryllium Metal Matrix Composite: AVIONICS MATERIALS (Materion Beryllium and Composites, MAE-002-0)",
      "url": "https://hkvxni.files.cmp.optimizely.com/download/004709dccc4d11eeb0c44e00a5bca88f",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "lookpolymers-am162": {
      "title": "Materion AlBeMet AM 162 Extruded Bar, Annealed (LookPolymers product page reproducing Materion values)",
      "url": "https://www.lookpolymers.com/polymer_Materion-AlBeMet-AM-162-Extruded-Bar-Annealed.php",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Reseller product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-tb-2012": {
      "title": "Lightweight Metal Matrix Composite Segmented for Manufacturing High-Precision Mirrors (Vudler, Hardric Laboratories for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; NASA Tech Briefs, September 2012, GSC-16165-1)",
      "id": "NTRS 20120014110",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120014110",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-beryllium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Beryllium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-pp1802a": {
      "title": "Critical Mineral Resources of the United States: An Introduction (Professional Paper 1802-A), Table A1, crustal abundances",
      "id": "USGS PP 1802-A",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1802/a/pp1802a.pdf",
      "year": 2017,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "ec-crm": {
      "title": "Critical raw materials (European Commission, list under Regulation (EU) 2024/1252)",
      "id": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1252",
      "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "European Commission web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-be": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Beryllium (CID 5460467), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory summary)",
      "id": "CID 5460467; CAS 7440-41-7",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5460467",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI); classifications attributed to ECHA"
    },
    "osha-1910-1024": {
      "title": "29 CFR 1910.1024 Beryllium (OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, general industry)",
      "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1024",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "public domain (US federal regulation)"
    },
    "wikipedia-besal": {
      "title": "Beryllium-aluminium alloy (Wikipedia), history and production process only",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium-aluminium_alloy",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/beryllium-aluminium/"
}