{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "bamboo",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "bamboo",
  "name": "Bamboo culm (structural bamboo)",
  "role": "Structural stem for building, and fibre for fibre-reinforced composites",
  "category": "living",
  "type": "bio-grown-building-materials",
  "summary": "Bamboo culm is the stem of a bamboo grass. Measured Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) culms had tensile strength of 193 to 340 MPa along the fibre and a tensile modulus of 18,140 to 28,230 MPa, varying with culm diameter and wall thickness (Javadian et al. 2019). Moisture content moves with humidity, from 8.4 to 11.2% at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity, so each culm needs checking before use.\n",
  "best_for": "Local building where the stem is grown nearby, and fibre composites that use the stem's fibre",
  "weakest_at": "Strength and stiffness vary with position in the culm and with moisture; rapid moisture change can cause shrinkage, swelling and layer-bond failure (Javadian et al. 2019)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Natural composite of cellulose fibres in a lignin and parenchyma matrix (culm wall of Dendrocalamus asper); no single chemical formula",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "javadian2019",
    "where": "Introduction, microstructure paragraph (cellulose fibres reinforce the lignin matrix)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific density (oven-dry), range across culm subsections",
      "value": 0.711,
      "value_high": 0.94,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "(specific gravity, no unit printed)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung), Java",
        "basis": "oven-dry weight divided by the weight of an equal volume of water (the paper's definition); dimensionless, no unit printed",
        "test": "ASTM D2395-14 as cited by the paper",
        "moisture": "oven-dry"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors on samples from the middle and bottom 1 m subsections of 15 culms, by the standard cited in the paper",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The lowest value (0.711) is class 7 at 19 to 20 mm wall; the highest (0.940) is class 4 at 6 to 7 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 3 (oven-dry SD by culm diameter and wall thickness)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Mean specific density, bamboo Petung (Green et al. 1999, as printed)",
      "value": 0.72,
      "value_high": 0.91,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "(specific gravity, no unit printed)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Bamboo Petung (Dendrocalamus asper)",
        "basis": "mean specific density compiled from Green et al. (1999) and printed in Table 8; no moisture basis stated"
      },
      "method": "Compiled mean printed in Table 8 of the paper; not measured by the authors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 8, row Bamboo Petung, mean specific density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength along the fibre, range across culm classes",
      "value": 193,
      "value_high": 340,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "form": "small clear specimens cut from culm walls, tested along the fibre",
        "test": "ASTM D143-09 small clear specimens",
        "moisture": "not stated per row; culms as received had 12 to 15% moisture"
      },
      "method": "Tensile tests by the authors per ASTM D143-09, one value per culm diameter and wall-thickness class as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The lowest value is class 7 at 19 to 20 mm wall; the highest is class 5 at 8 to 9 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 4 (tensile strength by culm diameter and wall thickness)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Mean tensile strength along the fibre, bamboo Petung (Green et al. 1999, as printed)",
      "value": 216,
      "value_high": 323,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Bamboo Petung (Dendrocalamus asper)",
        "basis": "mean tensile strength along the fibre compiled from Green et al. (1999) and printed in Table 8"
      },
      "method": "Compiled mean printed in Table 8 of the paper; not measured by the authors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 8, row Bamboo Petung, mean tensile strength along the fiber",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, range across culm classes",
      "value": 18140,
      "value_high": 28230,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "mode": "tension, along the fibre",
        "test": "ASTM D143-14 as cited by the paper"
      },
      "method": "Tension tests by the authors per ASTM D143-14, one value per culm class as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The lowest value is class 7 at 19 to 20 mm wall; the highest is class 4 at 9 to 10 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 5 (modulus of elasticity in tension by culm diameter and wall thickness)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Mean modulus of elasticity, bamboo Petung (Green et al. 1999, as printed)",
      "value": 19600,
      "value_high": 26110,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Bamboo Petung (Dendrocalamus asper)",
        "basis": "mean modulus of elasticity compiled from Green et al. (1999) and printed in Table 8; mode not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Compiled mean printed in Table 8 of the paper; not measured by the authors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 8, row Bamboo Petung, mean modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Modulus of rupture, range across culm classes",
      "value": 121,
      "value_high": 209,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "test": "two-point flexure, ASTM D3043-00(2011) as cited by the paper",
        "form": "culm samples from 1 m subsections"
      },
      "method": "Two-point flexure tests by the authors per ASTM D3043-00(2011), one value per culm class as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The highest value is class 1 at 6 to 7 mm wall; the lowest is class 7 at 19 to 20 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 6 (MOR by culm diameter and wall thickness)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Mean modulus of rupture, bamboo Petung (Green et al. 1999, as printed)",
      "value": 130,
      "value_high": 205,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Bamboo Petung (Dendrocalamus asper)",
        "basis": "mean modulus of rupture compiled from Green et al. (1999) and printed in Table 8"
      },
      "method": "Compiled mean printed in Table 8 of the paper; not measured by the authors",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 8, row Bamboo Petung, mean modulus of rupture (MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in flexure, range across culm classes",
      "value": 9375,
      "value_high": 14279,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "test": "two-point flexure with mid-span deflection from an extensometer, ASTM D3043-00(2011), room temperature and 65% relative humidity"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors from the flexure load-deflection curve per ASTM D3043-00(2011)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The highest value is class 2 at 9 to 10 mm wall; the lowest is class 7 at 19 to 20 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 7 (modulus of elasticity in flexure by culm diameter and wall thickness)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_content",
      "label": "Moisture content at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity, range across classes",
      "value": 8.4,
      "value_high": 11.2,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "condition": "20 °C and 65% relative humidity",
        "standard": "ASTM D4442-07 cited by the paper for moisture content determination"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors on 1 m subsection samples at the stated condition; one value per class as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The lowest value is class 2 at 9 to 10 mm wall; the highest is class 3 at 9 to 10 mm wall.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 2, column MC at 20 °C with 65% relative humidity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_content",
      "label": "Moisture content at 45 °C and 80% relative humidity, range across classes",
      "value": 11.5,
      "value_high": 15,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo Petung)",
        "condition": "45 °C and 80% relative humidity"
      },
      "method": "Measured by the authors on 1 m subsection samples at the stated condition; one value per class as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The paper says this condition was reached after 6 days for walls over 13 mm and after 3 days for walls under 13 mm.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 2, column MC at 45 °C with 80% relative humidity; Results, Moisture Content (MC) paragraph on time to equilibrium",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
        "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "paper",
        "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, range across radial and longitudinal positions (thesis abstract)",
      "value": 5,
      "value_high": 40,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Not stated in the abstract",
        "position": "varied radially across the culm wall and along the culm",
        "test": "tensile tests on culm, per the abstract (the test standard is not given there)"
      },
      "method": "Range quoted in the abstract of the MIT S.B. thesis; the full thesis PDF was not read in this run",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Caveat: the species and specimen form are not stated in the abstract, and the thesis PDF could not be downloaded in this run (HTTP 429), so the detail is unverified.",
      "source": "garcia2011",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on Young's modulus and strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Radial and longitudinal variation of the mechanical properties of bamboo (S.B. thesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT)",
        "id": "MIT DSpace handle 1721.1/101858",
        "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/101858",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "MIT DSpace record (abstract read; full PDF not read in this run)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Strength range across radial positions (thesis abstract)",
      "value": 100,
      "value_high": 400,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Not stated in the abstract",
        "position": "varied radially across the culm wall",
        "basis": "strength as printed in the abstract; the abstract does not name the test"
      },
      "method": "Range quoted in the abstract of the MIT S.B. thesis; the abstract says that tensile tests were run and that they follow the model trends",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The abstract says strength, not tensile strength. It is read here as tensile strength because the abstract reports tensile tests.",
      "source": "garcia2011",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on Young's modulus and strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Radial and longitudinal variation of the mechanical properties of bamboo (S.B. thesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT)",
        "id": "MIT DSpace handle 1721.1/101858",
        "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/101858",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "MIT DSpace record (abstract read; full PDF not read in this run)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Highest tensile strength quoted for a named species (Bambusa tulda)",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Bambusa tulda (Bangladesh and adjoining India)",
        "basis": "as high as 60,000 psi (400 MPa), as printed; test method and culm position not stated"
      },
      "method": "Single figure quoted in the Wikipedia article; secondhand, not from a primary test report",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Secondhand highest figure for one species; not a typical value for culm.",
      "source": "wikipedia-bamboo",
      "where": "Article text on bamboo tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Bamboo (Wikipedia article, en.wikipedia.org)",
        "id": "Wikipedia article, read 2026-11-01; not a primary source",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Specific gravity, air-dried condition, mean (Sweet-Bamboo culms, Dendrocalamus asper)",
      "value": 0.77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "(specific gravity, no unit printed)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), four culms from Prachinburi Province, Thailand",
        "condition": "air-dried",
        "basis": "specific gravity as printed in the thesis abstract; dimensionless, no unit printed"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 Kasetsart University thesis; test standard not given in the abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on moisture content and specific gravity at air-dried condition",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_content",
      "label": "Moisture content at natural green condition, mean (Sweet-Bamboo culms, Dendrocalamus asper)",
      "value": 46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "condition": "natural green, as printed in the abstract"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "moisture_content is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the snake_case name is used.",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on moisture content at natural green condition",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "linear_shrinkage",
      "label": "Linear shrinkage at air-dried condition, tangential direction, mean",
      "value": 2.53,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "direction": "tangential",
        "condition": "air-dried, as printed in the abstract (drying from green to air-dried)"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis; one of three directions (tangential, radial, longitudinal)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "linear_shrinkage is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the snake_case name is used.",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on shrinkage at air-dried condition",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "linear_shrinkage",
      "label": "Linear shrinkage at air-dried condition, radial direction, mean",
      "value": 1.35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "direction": "radial",
        "condition": "air-dried, as printed in the abstract (drying from green to air-dried)"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis; one of three directions (tangential, radial, longitudinal)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "linear_shrinkage is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the snake_case name is used.",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on shrinkage at air-dried condition",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "linear_shrinkage",
      "label": "Linear shrinkage at air-dried condition, longitudinal direction, mean",
      "value": 0.21,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "condition": "air-dried, as printed in the abstract (drying from green to air-dried)"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis; one of three directions (tangential, radial, longitudinal)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "linear_shrinkage is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the snake_case name is used.",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on shrinkage at air-dried condition",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Modulus of rupture, mean (static bending, Sweet-Bamboo culms)",
      "value": 135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "test": "static bending, as printed in the abstract",
        "basis": "mean modulus of rupture; moisture condition for this value not stated separately in the abstract"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis; test standard not given in the abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on mean modulus of rupture",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in static bending, mean (Sweet-Bamboo culms)",
      "value": 13115,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "test": "static bending group in the abstract, printed next to the modulus of rupture",
        "basis": "mean modulus of elasticity; the abstract prints it in the static bending sentence without a separate test standard"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The abstract prints this value in the static bending sentence without naming the test mode separately, so it is read here as the bending modulus.",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on mean modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile stress parallel to grain, mean (Sweet-Bamboo culms)",
      "value": 314,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "species": "Dendrocalamus asper Backer (Sweet-Bamboo), Thailand",
        "form": "tension parallel to grain, as printed in the abstract",
        "basis": "mean tensile stress parallel to grain"
      },
      "method": "Mean printed in the abstract of the 1997 thesis; test standard not given in the abstract",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "parkkeeree1997",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence on tensile, compressive and shear stresses parallel to grain",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
        "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
        "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
        "year": 1997,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Humid air at 45 °C and 80% relative humidity",
      "headline": "At 45 °C and 80% relative humidity the culm samples held 11.5 to 15.0% moisture, against 8.4 to 11.2% at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity.",
      "effect": "Moisture content rose in every class at 80% relative humidity. The paper says that condition was reached after 6 days for walls over 13 mm and after 3 days for walls under 13 mm, so thin-walled culms respond faster.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "culm samples conditioned at 45 °C and 80% relative humidity",
        "sample": "Dendrocalamus asper, 1 m subsections",
        "basis": "moisture content by class as printed in Table 2"
      },
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Table 2 and Results, Moisture Content (MC)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Rapid moisture change, wetting and drying",
      "headline": "Rapid moisture change can make bamboo layers shrink or swell, and can cause layer-bond failure.",
      "effect": "The paper says rapid moisture changes can cause severe shrinkage or expansion of bamboo layers, which in laminates or composites can produce layer-bond failure. It cites Lee et al. (1996), Zaidon et al. (2004) and Malanit et al. (2011). The paper gives no shrinkage percentage for the culm.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement with citations; no test conditions given in the paper"
      },
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Introduction, paragraph on water absorption and dimensional stability"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Processing and service at moisture above 10%",
      "headline": "The paper recommends moisture below 10% before culm is processed into composites.",
      "effect": "The average moisture content of culms selected for processing should fall below 10%, to reduce excessive delamination and long-term degradation of the final composite. The authors dried their fibres in an oven at 80 °C until moisture content was below 10%.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "recommendation by the authors from their moisture data; no long-term test reported"
      },
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Results, Moisture Content (MC), closing paragraph; Bamboo Composite Fabrication Using Material Correlation Relationships"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ground contact or rain, untreated culm",
      "headline": "Wikipedia says untreated bamboo in ground contact or rain breaks down quickly. No decay rate is given.",
      "effect": "The article says bamboo exposed to ground contact or rain breaks down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material, and that durability in construction depends on how well the material is handled. It gives no test standard, time or durability class.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement in a reference article; no test conditions"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-bamboo",
      "where": "Cultivation, leaching section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Standing culm in the field, fungal colonisation",
      "headline": "Wikipedia reports that fungal growth on culms leads to collapse and decay about 5 to 8 years later.",
      "effect": "The article says fungal growth starts on the outside of the culm and, about 5 to 8 years later depending on species and climate, causes the culm to collapse and decay. This is an ecological account, not a durability test.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "ecological description in a reference article; species and climate not specified in the source"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-bamboo",
      "where": "Ecology section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Laboratory decay test with the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana, untreated culm sections (Gigantochloa atroviolacea and Phyllostachys pubescens), 32 weeks",
      "headline": "In a 32-week laboratory jar test, untreated bamboo lost up to 8.4% of its mass to the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana.",
      "effect": "The paper says maximum mass loss of bamboo was 8.4%, and that P. pubescens was more decayed than G. gigantochloa. The paper states that most earlier investigations found bamboo degradation due to white and soft rot fungi, with brown-rot species less aggressive, so this brown-rot result runs against that general pattern in this test.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "vermiculite jar test (fungus cellar and agar tests are separate methods in the paper), 32 weeks at 20±2 °C and 65±5% relative humidity",
        "basis": "mass loss after 32 weeks of incubation, as printed; not an EN 350 or ISO 22156 durability class"
      },
      "source": "wei2013",
      "where": "Results, paragraph on mass loss by Coniophora puteana (Figure 4)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Laboratory decay test with the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, untreated culm sections, 32 weeks",
      "headline": "In the same 32-week test, untreated bamboo lost at most 4.6% of its mass to the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune.",
      "effect": "The paper says maximum mass loss of bamboo was only 4.6% for this fungus, and that the paper found this fungus common on bamboo culms during storage and use. The paper also says most investigations found bamboo degradation was caused by white and soft rot fungi.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "method": "vermiculite jar test, 32 weeks at 20±2 °C and 65±5% relative humidity",
        "basis": "mass loss after 32 weeks of incubation, as printed; not an EN 350 or ISO 22156 durability class"
      },
      "source": "wei2013",
      "where": "Results, paragraph on mass loss by Schizophyllum commune (Figure 3); Introduction"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Dust from cutting, sanding, planing or drilling is the main health concern in the vendor SDS for a bamboo strand flooring product. The SDS says dust can trigger respiratory conditions or pre-existing allergies.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "ambient-msds",
        "where": "Sections III and IV (hazard identification and first aid)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same SDS says bamboo dust can cause respiratory difficulties, nasal irritation, cough or sneezing in sensitive people, and that no tests have shown long-term respiratory effects or cancer from bamboo dust.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "ambient-msds",
        "where": "Sections III and IV"
      },
      {
        "text": "The SDS prints an OSHA PEL-TWA of 15 mg/m3 for total dust for the bamboo ingredient, which is 94 to 95% of that product.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "ambient-msds",
        "where": "Section II (ingredients)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Dimensional change and layer-bond failure during moisture swings",
        "trigger": "Rapid moisture change from wetting or drying",
        "consequence": "Shrinkage or expansion of bamboo layers, which in laminates or composites can cause layer-bond failure (Javadian et al. 2019, citing earlier work). The paper gives no shrinkage percentage for the culm.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "javadian2019",
        "where": "Introduction, paragraph on water absorption and dimensional stability"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Lower strength and stiffness in thick-walled culms",
        "trigger": "Culm classes 5 to 7, with thicker walls",
        "consequence": "The paper reports that in classes 5 to 7 both tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decrease as wall thickness increases.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "javadian2019",
        "where": "Results, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension, and Table 4"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fungal decay of untreated culm",
        "trigger": "Ground contact or rain",
        "consequence": "Wikipedia says untreated culm in ground contact or rain breaks down quickly. The article gives no time or decay rate.",
        "source": "wikipedia-bamboo",
        "where": "Cultivation, leaching section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Dry processed culm fibre to below 10% moisture before use. The authors oven-dried their fibres at 80 °C until moisture content was below 10%.",
        "source": "javadian2019",
        "where": "Bamboo Composite Fabrication Using Material Correlation Relationships"
      },
      {
        "text": "Where cutting or sanding makes dust, use local exhaust or a dust respirator and goggles if dust limits are exceeded. The SDS gives this advice for the flooring product.",
        "source": "ambient-msds",
        "where": "Sections VI and VIII"
      },
      {
        "text": "For the finished flooring product, the SDS warns that excessive moisture, condensation or water vapour can cause warping or popping of boards.",
        "source": "ambient-msds",
        "where": "Section X (stability and reactivity)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Measure culm geometry and specific density before choosing culm for use. The paper proposes both as rapid, non-destructive quality checks.",
        "source": "javadian2019",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Small village housing and construction in Java",
      "example": "The paper says Dendrocalamus asper is widely available in Java and mostly used for construction of small housing in local villages.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Materials and Methods, Bamboo Species"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Bamboo fibre composite reinforcing bar for concrete (laboratory prototype, made from processed fibre, not culm)",
      "example": "The authors bonded processed bamboo fibre bundles in epoxy and tested the bars in pull-out and beam tests, to validate the approach for structural concrete.",
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Section Bamboo Composite Fabrication, and Table 13"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Strand-woven bamboo flooring (engineered product, not culm)",
      "example": "The vendor SDS covers prefinished solid strand woven bamboo flooring for residential and commercial indoor use.",
      "source": "ambient-msds",
      "where": "Section I (product identification and applications)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Bamboo, area of bamboo forest and other land by country",
      "abundance": "FAO reports that bamboo may total more than 36 million hectares worldwide in its 2005 assessment. Asia's reporting countries held 23,620 thousand ha of bamboo forest in 2005, with India at 11,361 thousand ha and China at 5,444 thousand ha.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not found in any source we hold.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "fao2007",
      "where": "Table 4 (extent of bamboo forest by country, 2005 column) and the text before it"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Bamboo culm, growth and renewal",
      "abundance": "Javadian et al. say bamboo reaches its full height of 20 to 30 m within only a few months, which makes the stem renewable on a short cycle.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not found in any source we hold.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "javadian2019",
      "where": "Introduction, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Bamboo production statistics, global and by country",
      "abundance": "FAO states that bamboo production data are not available at the global level. The only country tonnage on the page is China's dry bamboo shoot output of 858 083 tonnes in 2017, one product category from China's statistical yearbook, not total bamboo culm.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not found in any source we hold.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "fao-bamboo-stats",
      "where": "Statistics page, paragraphs on global production data and on China's dry bamboo shoots"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement (Frontiers in Materials 6:15, open access)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Radial and longitudinal variation of the mechanical properties of bamboo (MIT S.B. thesis, DSpace record)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/101858",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "World bamboo resources (FAO Non-Wood Forest Products 18)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/4/a1243e/a1243e00.pdf",
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet: Strand Bamboo (Ambient Bamboo Floors, prefinished solid strand woven bamboo flooring)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.ambientbp.com/pdf/MSDS_StrandBamboo.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Method to test fungal degradation of bamboo and wood using vermiculite as reservoir for moisture and nutrients (Wei, Schmidt and Liese; Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnologia 15(3), open access)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/485/48528861008.pdf",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis, abstract read on AGRIS",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
      "year": 1997
    },
    {
      "title": "Bamboo production statistics, Non-Wood Forest Products statistics page (FAO)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/statistics/bamboo/en"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No space-environment data (vacuum, radiation, atomic oxygen, UV, thermal cycling, outgassing) for bamboo culm in any source read in this run. No flight or ground test found.",
    "Durability classes for untreated culm against decay fungi and powder-post beetles (for example EN 350 or ISO 22156 classes) not read. The ResearchGate and ScienceDirect pages returned HTTP 403.",
    "24-hour water absorption and thickness swelling for untreated raw culm not found in an open source we could read. The open Dendrocalamus asper papers found report treated or densified samples only.",
    "Shrinkage is known only from the 1997 Thai thesis abstract, which measures air-dried wood from sweet bamboo culms (tangential 2.53%, radial 1.35%, longitudinal 0.21%). The thesis full text was not readable, and the Frontiers paper states the moisture effect but gives no shrinkage number.",
    "Country production shares not found. FAO 2007 gives bamboo area, not production, and the FAO statistics page says bamboo production data are not available at the global level. Web search snippets with production shares conflicted and were not used.",
    "Durability class for untreated culm (EN 350, EN 113 class or ISO 22156) not found. The Wei et al. (2013) jar test gives mass loss after 32 weeks for two bamboo species, not a durability class. Search snippets that report a six-year ground-contact trial were not read in full and are not used.",
    "Critical-mineral lists (USGS, EU) not checked. Bamboo is a plant, not a mineral, so no list entry was read.",
    "Recycling and end-of-life not found in any source we hold.",
    "No hazard classification for raw culm (SDS or GHS) found. The only hazard data are a vendor SDS for an engineered strand-bamboo flooring product, and the dust limit and sensitisation statements come from that product.",
    "The MIT thesis PDF could not be downloaded in this run (HTTP 429). Only the abstract on the DSpace record was read, so the species, specimen form and test standard for the 5 to 40 GPa and 100 to 400 MPa ranges are unverified.",
    "Data for Dendrocalamus asper (Petung) come from one paper and a 1997 thesis abstract (Thai sweet bamboo, same species name). The thesis full text and the Hamburg dissertation on D. asper were not readable in this run (HTTP 403). Other bamboo species are not covered, apart from the single Bambusa tulda figure in Wikipedia, which has no test details.",
    "Thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal expansion) not found in any source read in this run.",
    "Powder-post beetle attack and treatment performance not read in a fetched source. Search snippets on beetle attack and borate treatment were not verified.",
    "The bamboo fibre epoxy composite data in Javadian et al. (Tables 11 and 13) describe a composite, not the culm, and are left out of the culm properties.",
    "moisture_content is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml, so the snake_case name is used."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Bamboo culm is the stem of a bamboo grass, which reaches its full height within a few months (Javadian et al. 2019). It is a natural composite. The paper measures how its density, stiffness and strength change with culm diameter, wall thickness and moisture, so a culm can be judged before it is used in building or in fibre composites.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Local building in Java",
        "line": "The paper says Dendrocalamus asper is widely available in Java and mostly used to build small village houses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Concrete reinforcement research (fibre composite, not culm)",
        "line": "The same authors made bamboo fibre composite bars and tested them in concrete beams, as a laboratory check of their approach."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Stiffness in tension",
        "line": "In tension, culm samples reached 18,140 to 28,230 MPa, depending on culm class (Table 5).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "line": "Tensile strength along the fibre ranged from 193 to 340 MPa across culm classes (Table 4).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bending strength",
        "line": "Modulus of rupture ranged from 121 to 209 MPa in two-point flexure (Table 6).",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bending stiffness",
        "line": "Modulus of elasticity in flexure ranged from 9,375 to 14,279 MPa (Table 7).",
        "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Moisture",
        "line": "Moisture content was 8.4 to 11.2% at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity, and 11.5 to 15.0% at 45 °C and 80% relative humidity (Table 2).",
        "benchmark": "moisture_content",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "In Table 8 of Javadian et al. (2019), citing Green et al. (1999), bamboo Petung has a higher mean tensile strength along the fibre than Balau, Sumatran Pine and Indonesian Rosewood. Its mean modulus of elasticity is higher than all three except the top of the Balau range, and its mean modulus of rupture is higher than all of them. The timber figures are not copied into this profile, so read them in the source table.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Specific density (oven-dry, range)",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength along the fibre",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Dry culm fibre to below 10% moisture before processing, as the paper recommends.",
      "Use dust control and a dust respirator where cutting or sanding makes dust (vendor sheet).",
      "Keep finished bamboo products dry, because excessive moisture can warp or pop boards (sheet for the flooring product)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Local building where the stem is grown nearby, as the paper reports for small houses in Java.",
      "Fibre composites that use the stem's fibre; the paper's bamboo fibre reinforcement was tested in concrete beams in the laboratory."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength and stiffness fall in thick-walled culms and change from the outer wall to the inner wall.",
      "Rapid moisture change can cause shrinkage, swelling and layer-bond failure in laminates.",
      "Laboratory jar tests over 32 weeks gave a maximum mass loss of 8.4% (Coniophora puteana) and 4.6% (Schizophyllum commune) for untreated bamboo, which is a test result and not a durability class.",
      "No space data, no durability rating and no raw-culm hazard data were found."
    ],
    "verdict": "The record supports bamboo culm as a structural stem with measured stiffness and strength in the ranges the paper reports. Its values change with culm class and with humidity, so each culm needs grading before use.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Bamboo is a natural composite. Cellulose fibres reinforce a lignin matrix, and the paper says the fibres act like the reinforcement in fibre-reinforced polymer composites (Javadian et al. 2019).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Cellulose fibres",
          "role": "Carry most of the mechanical load. Their density is higher at the outer wall and at the top of the culm, which raises stiffness and strength there.",
          "source": "javadian2019",
          "where": "Introduction, microstructure paragraph; Results, Modulus of Rupture"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lignin matrix",
          "role": "The matrix the fibres reinforce. Thicker walls carry more lignin relative to fibre, which the paper links to lower stiffness in large culms.",
          "source": "javadian2019",
          "where": "Results, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension"
        },
        {
          "name": "Parenchyma matrix",
          "role": "The tissue in which the vascular bundles sit. The supporting fibres surround the bundles.",
          "source": "javadian2019",
          "where": "Introduction, microstructure paragraph"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No hazard classification for raw culm was found. The only hazard sheet held is for an engineered bamboo flooring product.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Dust from cutting, sanding or planing can trigger respiratory conditions or allergies, according to the vendor sheet. The sheet prints an OSHA limit of 15 mg/m3 for total dust for the bamboo ingredient."
          },
          {
            "label": "Long term",
            "line": "The same sheet says no tests have shown long-term respiratory effects or cancer from bamboo dust. That is the vendor's statement, not a peer-reviewed finding."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust can irritate sensitive people"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the culm takes up water",
        "lead": "Moisture content tracks humidity, and rapid change can damage layered parts.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Humid air",
            "line": "At 45 °C and 80% relative humidity the samples held 11.5 to 15.0% moisture. At 20 °C and 65% relative humidity they held 8.4 to 11.2%."
          },
          {
            "label": "Layers",
            "line": "Rapid moisture change can cause shrinkage or swelling of bamboo layers and layer-bond failure in laminates, the paper says."
          },
          {
            "label": "Ground contact",
            "line": "Wikipedia says untreated bamboo in ground contact or rain breaks down quickly. The article gives no time or decay rate."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Moisture changes dimensions"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Moisture before use",
            "line": "The authors dried their fibres in an oven at 80 °C until moisture content was below 10%."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Where cutting or sanding makes dust, the vendor sheet advises local exhaust and a dust respirator if dust limits are exceeded."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 22,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written 2026-11-01 by an AI assistant from pages fetched in this run: the Frontiers PDF (text and tables read with pdftotext), the FAO PDF, the MIT DSpace abstract, the Wikipedia article and a vendor SDS. Deepened 2026-11-02 with the Redalyc PDF (Wei et al. 2013, decay test mass loss), the AGRIS abstract of a 1997 Thai thesis on D. asper culm wood, and the FAO bamboo statistics page. Values copied as printed. verify-values found all 22 values in their cited sources. The MIT thesis PDF was rate-limited, so only its abstract was read."
  },
  "sources": {
    "javadian2019": {
      "title": "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Through Measurement of Culm Physical Properties for Composite Fabrication of Structural Concrete Reinforcement",
      "id": "doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00015 (Front. Mater. 6:15)",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00015/pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY (as published by Frontiers; not reproduced here)"
    },
    "garcia2011": {
      "title": "Radial and longitudinal variation of the mechanical properties of bamboo (S.B. thesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT)",
      "id": "MIT DSpace handle 1721.1/101858",
      "url": "https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/101858",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "MIT DSpace record (abstract read; full PDF not read in this run)"
    },
    "fao2007": {
      "title": "World bamboo resources (FAO Non-Wood Forest Products 18, thematic study for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005)",
      "id": "FAO NWFP 18 (a1243e)",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/4/a1243e/a1243e00.pdf",
      "year": 2007,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "FAO publication, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-bamboo": {
      "title": "Bamboo (Wikipedia article, en.wikipedia.org)",
      "id": "Wikipedia article, read 2026-11-01; not a primary source",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)"
    },
    "ambient-msds": {
      "title": "Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Strand Bamboo, prefinished solid strand woven bamboo flooring (Ambient Bamboo Floors)",
      "id": "Vendor SDS, undated; covers an engineered flooring product",
      "url": "https://www.ambientbp.com/pdf/MSDS_StrandBamboo.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wei2013": {
      "title": "Method to test fungal degradation of bamboo and wood using vermiculite as reservoir for moisture and nutrients",
      "id": "doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2013005000027 (Maderas. Cienc. Tecnol. 15(3):349-356)",
      "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/485/48528861008.pdf",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Open access journal article (Redalyc); cited not reproduced"
    },
    "parkkeeree1997": {
      "title": "Physical and mechanical properties of wood from sweet bamboo culms (Dendrocalamus asper Backer), Kasetsart University thesis",
      "id": "AGRIS record 6472350208fd68d546000dc7 (thesis, 89 leaves); full text not readable in this run",
      "url": "https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/6472350208fd68d546000dc7",
      "year": 1997,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "AGRIS bibliographic record (abstract read); cited not reproduced"
    },
    "fao-bamboo-stats": {
      "title": "Bamboo production statistics, Non-Wood Forest Products statistics page (FAO)",
      "id": "FAO NWFP statistics, bamboo page (no date printed on the page)",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/statistics/bamboo/en",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "FAO web page, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/bamboo/"
}