{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "apiezon-l-grease",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "vacuum-greases",
  "name": "Apiezon L ultra-high vacuum grease",
  "abbreviation": "Apiezon L",
  "role": "sealing and lubricating grease for ultra-high vacuum",
  "category": "tribology",
  "type": "greases",
  "summary": "Apiezon L is a silicone-free, halogen-free hydrocarbon grease sold for sealing and lubricating ultra-high-vacuum systems. The manufacturer's page and the M&I Materials safety data sheet both print its vapour pressure as 7 x 10-11 Torr at 20 °C. Its density is 0.896 g/cm3 at 20 °C and it melts between 42 and 52 °C, per the Agar Scientific safety data sheet of 2019. The manufacturer recommends use between 10 and 30 °C, and no outgassing value for Type L was printed in the table read for this profile.\n",
  "best_for": "Sealing ground joints and lubricating parts in ultra-high-vacuum systems near room temperature, where a very low vapour pressure matters",
  "weakest_at": "Heat: the manufacturer recommends 10 to 30 °C in use, and the grease melts between 42 and 52 °C",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Petroleum hydrocarbon grease with no single chemical formula: silicone-free and halogen-free, with a complex hydrocarbon structure and very high molecular weight",
    "cas": "12678-02-3 (Agar Scientific SDS); 8009-03-8 (M&I Materials SDS). The two safety data sheets disagree on the CAS number.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Apiezon L",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Product page title and product name"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "APIEZON GREASE L",
        "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
        "where": "Section 1.1 Trade name"
      }
    ],
    "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
    "where": "Section 1.1 Product identifier, CAS number 12678-02-3; the M&I Materials SDS, section 1.1, gives 8009-03-8"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "vacuum-and-outgassing",
      "total-radiation-dose"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "in-space-manufacturing"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density at 20 °C, Apiezon L (Agar Scientific SDS)",
      "value": 0.896,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Apiezon L, article AGB7270",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The M&I Materials SDS (January 2014) prints relative density 0.896 at 20°C, and the Delta Microscopies table prints 0.896 for Type L, so the sources agree.",
      "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 9.1, row Density at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet, APIEZON GREASE L, Agar Scientific Ltd, printed 27.02.2019, version 1 (copy hosted by Oxford Instruments)",
        "id": "Article AGB7270; CAS 12678-02-3",
        "url": "https://estore.oxinst.com/INTERSHOP/static/WFS/Oxinst-GB-Site/-/Oxinst/en_GB/PDFS/MSDS_-_APIEZON_GREASE_L_(GB).pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer or supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point range, Apiezon L (Agar Scientific SDS)",
      "value": 42,
      "value_high": 52,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method_in_source": "ASTM D 566 is named for the melting point in the Delta Microscopies table; the SDS gives the range without a method"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the physical and chemical properties section of a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 9.1, row Melting point/freezing point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet, APIEZON GREASE L, Agar Scientific Ltd, printed 27.02.2019, version 1 (copy hosted by Oxford Instruments)",
        "id": "Article AGB7270; CAS 12678-02-3",
        "url": "https://estore.oxinst.com/INTERSHOP/static/WFS/Oxinst-GB-Site/-/Oxinst/en_GB/PDFS/MSDS_-_APIEZON_GREASE_L_(GB).pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer or supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Recommended lower operating temperature, Apiezon L",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "generally between 10 to 30 °C, the recommended ambient range",
        "grade": "Apiezon L"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the manufacturer's product page; the page calls it a general recommendation, not a hard limit",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "'What is Apiezon L grease?' section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon L grease, manufacturer product page (apiezon.com)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/products/vacuum-greases/apiezon-l-grease/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Recommended upper operating temperature, Apiezon L",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "generally between 10 to 30 °C, the recommended ambient range",
        "grade": "Apiezon L"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the manufacturer's product page; the page calls it a general recommendation, not a hard limit",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "'What is Apiezon L grease?' section, first paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon L grease, manufacturer product page (apiezon.com)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/products/vacuum-greases/apiezon-l-grease/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Apiezon L",
      "value": 0.216,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Thermal conductivity, w/m°C, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of expansion per °C, Apiezon L",
      "value": 0.00076,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "1/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "temperature_range": "20 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Coefficient of expansion per °C (20-30°C), column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Permittivity, Apiezon L",
      "value": 2.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "frequency": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Permittivity, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Loss tangent, Apiezon L",
      "value": 0.0001,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "frequency": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed as a bound in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Loss tangent, column L, printed as <0.0001",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Electric strength, Apiezon L (as printed in V)",
      "value": 730,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "V",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "thickness": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "V"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The table prints the value in volts with no test thickness, so it cannot be compared with dielectric strength given in kV/mm.",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Electric strength (V), column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flash_point",
      "label": "Flash point, Apiezon L (Agar Scientific SDS)",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "method_in_source": "not stated in the SDS"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The M&I Materials SDS prints the flash point as >200°C.",
      "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 9.1, row Flash point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet, APIEZON GREASE L, Agar Scientific Ltd, printed 27.02.2019, version 1 (copy hosted by Oxford Instruments)",
        "id": "Article AGB7270; CAS 12678-02-3",
        "url": "https://estore.oxinst.com/INTERSHOP/static/WFS/Oxinst-GB-Site/-/Oxinst/en_GB/PDFS/MSDS_-_APIEZON_GREASE_L_(GB).pdf",
        "year": 2019,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer or supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Initial boiling point, Apiezon L (M&I Materials SDS)",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "initial boiling point and boiling range as printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Agar Scientific SDS prints 500 °C without the greater-than sign.",
      "source": "mi-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 9.1, row Initial boiling point and boiling range, printed as >500°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet, Apiezon L Grease, M&I Materials Ltd, January 2014 (copy hosted by Purdue University)",
        "id": "CAS 8009-03-8",
        "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/Apiezon%20L.pdf",
        "year": 2014,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "auto_ignition_temperature",
      "label": "Auto-ignition temperature, Apiezon L (M&I Materials SDS)",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "as printed in the SDS"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical and chemical properties section of a safety data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Agar Scientific SDS prints Ignition temperature 250 °C in the same section, without the greater-than sign.",
      "source": "mi-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 9.1, row Auto-ignition temperature, printed as >250°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Safety data sheet, Apiezon L Grease, M&I Materials Ltd, January 2014 (copy hosted by Purdue University)",
        "id": "CAS 8009-03-8",
        "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/Apiezon%20L.pdf",
        "year": 2014,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fusion_peak_temperature",
      "label": "Fusion peak temperature, Apiezon L",
      "value": 32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "basis": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data; method not named",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Fusion peak (°C), column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "latent_heat_of_fusion",
      "label": "Latent heat of fusion, Apiezon L",
      "value": 15.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cal/g",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)",
        "basis": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data; method not named",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Latent heat of fusion (cal/g), column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "four_ball_lubricity_load",
      "label": "Lubricity, four-ball test, Apiezon L",
      "value": 150,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM D 2763 / IP 239, named in the table",
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Property table)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the typical property table of a product page that reproduces the manufacturer's data",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The table prints the figure as 150 with unit Kg under the four-ball lubricity row. It does not state the test load or the wear measure used.",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Typical Property table, row Lubricity, 4 Ball Test (ASTM D 2763 / IP 239, Kg), column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
        "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "total_mass_loss",
      "label": "Total mass loss (TML), Apiezon L, ASTM E 595",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "test": "ASTM E 595 (printed as ASTM .E 595-93(2003)e1)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed as a bound in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Outgassing characteristics, TML, column L, printed as <1%",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cvcm",
      "label": "Collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM), Apiezon L, ASTM E 595",
      "value": 0.1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "test": "ASTM E 595 (printed as ASTM .E 595-93(2003)e1)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed as a bound in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Outgassing characteristics, CVCM, column L, printed as <0.1%",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dropping_point",
      "label": "Dropping point, Apiezon L (manufacturer datasheet, 2026)",
      "value": 50,
      "value_high": 70,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "method_in_source": "ASTM.D 566"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The 2005 Idealvac copy of the datasheet prints 42 to 52 °C for Type L, and the Agar and M&I safety data sheets print a melting range of 42 to 52 °C. The two datasheet editions disagree, and both are recorded.",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Dropping point - ASTM.D 566, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, Apiezon L (manufacturer datasheet, 2026)",
      "value": 0.194,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Delta Microscopies table in this profile prints 0.216 W/m°C for Type L with no temperature. The 2026 and 2005 datasheets both print 0.194 W/m°C at 20 °C, so the two values are recorded side by side.",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Thermal conductivity @ 20°C, W/m°C, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "molten_viscosity",
      "label": "Viscosity of molten grease at 50 °C, Apiezon L",
      "value": 766,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cSt",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "temperature": "50 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Viscosity of molten grease, cSt @ 50°C / 122°F, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "molten_viscosity",
      "label": "Viscosity of molten grease at 100 °C, Apiezon L",
      "value": 62.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "cSt",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Type L (column L of the Typical Properties table)",
        "temperature": "100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Typical Properties table of the 2026 manufacturer datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "apiezon-datasheet-2026",
      "where": "Typical Properties table, row Viscosity of molten grease, cSt @ 100°C / 212°F, column L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
        "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Radiation (4 MeV electrons)",
      "headline": "The manufacturer's page says Apiezon L was irradiated with 4 MeV electrons to 1 MGy, and it contrasts this with 0.1 MGy for other grease types.",
      "effect": "The page says esters, silicones and halogenated paraffins decompose at radiation levels of 0.1 MGy or less. It gives no mass-loss, viscosity or stiffness number for the Apiezon L test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "dose": "1 MGy",
        "particle": "4 MeV electrons",
        "result": "qualitative only, no number printed"
      },
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "'When should Apiezon L grease be used?' section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water and hydrocarbon vapour",
      "headline": "The grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapour, which the manufacturer says degrades its vapour pressure performance.",
      "effect": "The manufacturer says the tube should be re-capped immediately after use and kept away from volatile vapours, because the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours. The page does not give a number for the loss of performance.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "open or uncapped tube, volatile vapours present"
      },
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "Storage statement"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Warm joints in use",
      "headline": "The grease is not recommended for joints that run above 30 °C in use.",
      "effect": "Delta Microscopies says the grease is not recommended for joints where temperatures exceed 30 °C in use. The melting range is 42 to 52 °C, so a joint above 30 °C is also below the melting point.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "limit": "30 °C in use",
        "basis": "manufacturer's recommendation"
      },
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Product description text"
    },
    {
      "environment": "High temperature",
      "headline": "The Agar Scientific safety data sheet lists temperatures above 120 °C as a condition to avoid.",
      "effect": "The SDS lists temperature above 120 °C and strong oxidising agents as conditions to avoid, and says no dangerous decomposition products are known.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "limit": "above 120 °C",
        "incompatible": "strong oxidising agents"
      },
      "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 10.4 and 10.5"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxygen and liquid-oxygen service",
      "headline": "The manufacturer does not recommend Apiezon L for oxygen service because of a small risk of auto-ignition.",
      "effect": "The page says hydrocarbon greases are not recommended for oxygen or liquid-oxygen use because of the small risk of auto-ignition. It says only PFPE 501 is listed as suitable, and PFPE 501 is a different product.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "service": "oxygen and liquid oxygen"
      },
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "Oxygen/LOX use statement"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Elastomer seals",
      "headline": "Apiezon L is listed as compatible with Viton, silicone, nitrile above 30 % nitrile, nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene and polypropylene.",
      "effect": "The manufacturer lists these as compatible. It lists EPDM, EPR, butyl rubber and PVC seals as not compatible.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer compatibility statement, no test data"
      },
      "source": "apiezon-com-l",
      "where": "Elastomer compatibility statement"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Agar Scientific SDS (printed 27.02.2019): classified under CLP with GHS07, signal word Warning, and H302 harmful if swallowed and H312 harmful in contact with skin.",
        "ghs": [
          "H302",
          "H312"
        ],
        "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
        "where": "Sections 2.1 and 2.2"
      },
      {
        "text": "M&I Materials SDS (January 2014): the product is not classified under CLP and has no signal word. Acute oral and dermal toxicity are both LD50 above 2000 mg/kg.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "mi-sds-l",
        "where": "Sections 2.1, 2.2 and 11.1"
      },
      {
        "text": "M&I Materials UK SDS (version 15, March 2026): the substance is not classified under GB-CLP, and the classification criteria for acute toxicity are not met.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "apiezon-sds-uk-2026",
        "where": "Section 2.1 (GB-CLP classification) and Section 11.1 (acute toxicity)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Vacuum performance loss after exposure to air and vapour",
        "trigger": "Tube left open after use, or exposure to water and hydrocarbon vapours",
        "consequence": "The manufacturer says the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours, which degrades its vapour pressure performance. No number is given for the loss.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Storage statement"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Softening and melting in warm joints",
        "trigger": "Joint temperature above the recommended 10 to 30 °C range, and temperatures near the melting range of 42 to 52 °C",
        "consequence": "The grease liquefies above its melting point and returns to its normal state on cooling, provided the temperature rise was not excessive (manufacturer).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Heating statement"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Decomposition or reaction at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Temperatures above 120 °C, or contact with strong oxidising agents",
        "consequence": "The SDS lists these as conditions to avoid and says no dangerous decomposition products are known. It gives no decomposition onset temperature.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
        "where": "Sections 10.4 to 10.6"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Auto-ignition risk in oxygen service",
        "trigger": "Use in oxygen or liquid-oxygen systems",
        "consequence": "The manufacturer says hydrocarbon greases carry a small risk of auto-ignition in oxygen service.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Oxygen/LOX use statement"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Incompatible with EPDM, EPR, butyl rubber and PVC seals, so the seal material must be checked before use.",
        "affects": "Seals and O-rings in the vacuum system",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Elastomer compatibility statement"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The manufacturer says the grease may be used on all ground joints in a vacuum system, but not on stopcocks.",
        "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
        "where": "Product description and handling text"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wipe off excess with a soft, lint-free cloth. Residues can be removed with warm soapy water or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene or xylene. Limonene is suggested as a less harmful option. The page says alcohols and ketones cannot be used for cleaning.",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Cleaning statement"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep the tube re-capped after use, away from volatile vapours, because the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours.",
        "source": "apiezon-com-l",
        "where": "Storage statement"
      },
      {
        "text": "Spilt grease is a slip hazard. Do not let it enter sewers or surface or ground water, and clean up spills promptly.",
        "source": "oxinst-sds-l",
        "where": "Sections 6.1 and 6.2"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Ground-glass joints and sealing surfaces in ultra-high-vacuum systems",
      "example": "The Delta Microscopies page says the grease may be used on all ground joints in a vacuum system, not on stopcocks. The M&I Materials SDS gives its product use as sealing and lubricating grease for ultra high vacuum applications.",
      "source": "delta-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Product description and handling text; M&I SDS section 1.2"
    },
    {
      "application": "in-space-manufacturing",
      "device": "Vacuum test rigs and instrument work for space hardware",
      "example": "The Agar Scientific page names ESA, NASA and NATO as users. This profile read no flight or test report that confirms the grease in orbit.",
      "source": "agar-apiezon-l",
      "where": "Product description text naming ESA, NASA and NATO as users"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Fastener-installation lubricant on LDEF experiment A0180 (polymer matrix composite study)",
      "example": "The 1993 NASA report on LDEF says Apiezon L was used as a fastener-installation lubricant on experiment A0180, and that it was not examined after retrieval.",
      "source": "nasa-ldef-lubricants-1993",
      "where": "Apiezon L paragraph in the LDEF lubricant survey, the entry for experiment A0180"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Apiezon L grease (manufacturer and distributors)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "United Kingdom"
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "The M&I Materials SDS says product and packaging must be disposed of under local and national rules. It says the product may be incinerated, and unused product may be returned for reclamation.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "mi-sds-l",
      "where": "Section 13.1 Waste treatment methods; supplier named in section 1.3 (M&I Materials Ltd, Manchester, UK)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Apiezon L Grease, safety data sheet, M&I Materials Ltd, January 2014 (copy hosted by Purdue University)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/Apiezon%20L.pdf",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "title": "APIEZON GREASE L, safety data sheet, Agar Scientific Ltd, printed 27.02.2019 (copy hosted by Oxford Instruments)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://estore.oxinst.com/INTERSHOP/static/WFS/Oxinst-GB-Site/-/Oxinst/en_GB/PDFS/MSDS_-_APIEZON_GREASE_L_(GB).pdf",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "title": "Apiezon Grease Type L, Delta Microscopies product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116"
    },
    {
      "title": "Apiezon L grease, manufacturer product page (apiezon.com)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/products/vacuum-greases/apiezon-l-grease/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Apiezon L grease, Agar Scientific product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.agarscientific.com/apiezon-l-grease"
    },
    {
      "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (September 2026)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Apiezon L Grease, safety data sheet, M&I Materials Ltd, version 15, March 2026",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Apiezon_L_Grease_SDS_UK.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Apiezon L, M and N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases datasheet (Idealvac copy, August 2005)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.idealvac.com/files/manuals/Apiezonlmn_tds.pdf",
      "year": 2005
    },
    {
      "title": "Identification and Evaluation of Lubricants, Adhesives, and Seals used on LDEF (NASA NTRS 19930001400)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930001400/downloads/19930001400.pdf",
      "year": 1993
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Outgassing (TML and CVCM, ASTM E595): the 2026 manufacturer datasheet prints TML <1% and CVCM <0.1% for Type L, and the 2005 Idealvac copy prints the same. The Delta Microscopies table prints '/' for Type L, so that reseller copy disagrees with the manufacturer. Both are noted; the manufacturer figures are recorded.",
    "NASA outgassing database: the page read in this run did not load its entries ('Loading filtered data'), so no NASA entry for Apiezon L was confirmed or ruled out. No flight result for this grease was read.",
    "Vapour pressure is not entered as a numeric property. The manufacturer page and the M&I Materials SDS both print 7 x 10-11 Torr at 20 °C, but verify-values could not match that printed form against a numeric value, so the property was removed rather than left unchecked. The Delta Microscopies description gives 8 x 10-11 torr and the Agar SDS gives 10 hPa; these disagree with the 7 x 10-11 Torr figure and are not reconciled.",
    "CAS number disagrees: 12678-02-3 (Agar Scientific SDS) and 8009-03-8 (M&I Materials SDS, 2014). The UK SDS of March 2026 prints 8009-03-8, the same as the 2014 sheet.",
    "Hazard classification disagrees: H302 and H312 (Agar SDS, 2019) against not classified (M&I SDS, 2014, and UK SDS, March 2026). All three are recorded.",
    "Dropping point: the 2026 manufacturer datasheet prints 50 to 70 °C for Type L (ASTM.D 566), and the 2005 Idealvac copy prints 42 to 52 °C. The two editions disagree; the 2026 range is recorded and the 2005 range is noted in its note. The melting range of 42 to 52 °C is a separate measurement.",
    "Viscosity of the molten grease: the 2026 datasheet assigns 766 cSt at 50 °C and 62.3 cSt at 100 °C to the L column, so both are recorded. The 413 and 29.8 pair belongs to the M column.",
    "Volume resistivity: the 2026 datasheet prints 1.2 x 10^16 Ω cm for Type L, and the Delta table prints it with the unit '(cm)' only. The value is printed in scientific notation, so it is not recorded.",
    "Surface breakdown at flash-over (24 kV in the Delta table) has no test thickness or method. Not recorded.",
    "Thermal conductivity: the Delta table prints 0.216 W/m°C with no temperature, while the 2026 and 2005 datasheets print 0.194 W/m°C at 20 °C. Both are recorded side by side; they disagree and this is not resolved. No cryogenic value was found.",
    "Lubricity method: the Delta table names ASTM D 2763 for the 150 kg four-ball value, while both manufacturer datasheets name ASTM D 2596. The 150 kg value is recorded with the Delta citation.",
    "Radiation: only the 4 MeV electrons to 1 MGy test is described, qualitatively. No mass-loss, viscosity or stiffness number was printed.",
    "Composition: no base oil name or percentage composition was printed on any page. The recipe has no atomic breakdown.",
    "Supply: no producer shares or country data for a petroleum grease were found. The manufacturer is named as M&I Materials Ltd (Manchester, UK). USGS and critical-mineral lists were not checked because they do not apply to a hydrocarbon grease.",
    "The EMS-Diasum product page and datasheet returned HTTP 403, and the ProSciTech product page returned HTTP 429 (rate limit). They were not read.",
    "No open peer-reviewed study of Apiezon L was found in the searches. The sources are manufacturer, distributor and SDS documents, plus one NASA report on LDEF (1993) that flew Apiezon L and did not examine it after retrieval. The profile has 9 sources.",
    "Non-canonical property names used: vapour_pressure, auto_ignition_temperature, fusion_peak_temperature, latent_heat_of_fusion, four_ball_lubricity_load, total_mass_loss, cvcm, dropping_point and molten_viscosity. These are not in spores/property-canon.yaml.",
    "Ratings in the corrosion section (low, moderate) are a judgement from the wording of each source, not from a test standard."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Apiezon L is a silicone-free, halogen-free hydrocarbon grease used to seal and lubricate ultra-high-vacuum systems. The manufacturer and the M&I Materials safety data sheet both print its vapour pressure as 7 x 10-11 Torr at 20 °C, which is the low figure that makes it useful in vacuum. It is a semi-solid at room temperature, with a density of 0.896 g/cm3 at 20 °C, and it melts between 42 and 52 °C. Its recommended use is between 10 and 30 °C, and above that range it softens and runs.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Ground joints in vacuum systems",
        "line": "The Delta Microscopies page says the grease may be used on all ground joints in a vacuum system, but not on stopcocks. The M&I Materials SDS gives the product use as sealing and lubricating grease for ultra high vacuum applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space and test work",
        "line": "The Agar Scientific page names ESA, NASA and NATO as users of the grease. No flight outgassing result for Type L was read in this run."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Recommended use range",
        "line": "The manufacturer recommends use generally between 10 and 30 °C.",
        "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "10 to 30 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The density at 20 °C is 0.896 g/cm3 in the Agar Scientific SDS, and the M&I Materials SDS prints a relative density of 0.896 at 20°C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.896 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The melting point is printed as a range of 42 to 52 °C in the Agar SDS.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "42 to 52 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "line": "The Delta Microscopies table prints thermal conductivity 0.216 W/m°C for Type L, with no temperature given.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.216 W/m°C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The manufacturer's radiation statement is the only comparison this profile has. The page says esters, silicones and halogenated paraffins decompose at radiation levels of 0.1 MGy or less, and that Apiezon L was tested to 1 MGy with 4 MeV electrons. The page does not print a stiffness or mass-loss figure for the Apiezon L test, so the comparison is qualitative.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Upper use temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Re-cap the tube after each use, because the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours.",
      "Use only on joints below 30 °C in use, and check the seal material, since EPDM, EPR, butyl rubber and PVC are not compatible.",
      "Do not use it in oxygen or liquid-oxygen service."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Sealing ground joints in ultra-high-vacuum systems near room temperature.",
      "Low vapour pressure: 7 x 10-11 Torr at 20 °C, as printed by the manufacturer.",
      "Radiation tolerance: the manufacturer says 1 MGy of 4 MeV electrons stiffens it only slightly, which the page contrasts with 0.1 MGy for other grease types."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Heat: the grease is recommended only from 10 to 30 °C in use, and it melts between 42 and 52 °C.",
      "No flight outgassing result for Type L was read, and the NASA database entries did not load in this run.",
      "The two SDS sheets disagree on CAS number and on hazard class, so check the sheet from your own supplier.",
      "The vapour pressure figure differs between sources (7 x 10-11 Torr, 8 x 10-11 torr and 10 hPa), so use the figure that matches your supplier's sheet."
    ],
    "verdict": "Apiezon L is a silicone-free hydrocarbon grease with a vapour pressure of 7 x 10-11 Torr at 20 °C and a density of 0.896 g/cm3 at 20 °C. It is recommended for 10 to 30 °C and melts between 42 and 52 °C, so it suits cool ultra-high-vacuum joints but not warm ones. This profile has no flight outgassing number for Type L, and the two safety data sheets disagree on CAS number and hazard class.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Apiezon L is a petroleum hydrocarbon grease with no single chemical formula. The manufacturer's page says it is silicone-free and halogen-free, the Agar page calls it a complex hydrocarbon structure with very high molecular weight, and the Delta Microscopies page says it contains no additives. The sources give no percentage composition and no manufacturing steps.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Petroleum hydrocarbon base (composition not published)",
          "symbol": "-",
          "role": "The whole material. No percentage composition or base oil name is printed in any source read."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The two safety data sheets disagree on hazard class, and both are recorded here. Both list high temperature and strong oxidising agents as conditions to avoid.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hazard class",
            "line": "The Agar Scientific SDS of 2019 classifies the grease as harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin (H302 and H312, signal word Warning). The M&I Materials SDS of 2014 says it is not classified under CLP, and gives an oral and dermal LD50 above 2000 mg/kg."
          },
          {
            "label": "Skin and eyes",
            "line": "Both sheets say skin and eye contact are the most likely routes. The M&I sheet says repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause dry skin or irritation."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed classification"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These routes come from the manufacturer's pages and the SDS sheets. None of them is a measured test result for this grease.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Vacuum loss",
            "line": "The manufacturer says the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours, which degrades its vapour pressure performance. The page gives no number for the loss."
          },
          {
            "label": "Warm joints",
            "line": "Delta Microscopies says the grease is not recommended for joints above 30 °C in use. It melts between 42 and 52 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Oxygen service",
            "line": "The manufacturer does not recommend hydrocarbon greases in oxygen service because of a small risk of auto-ignition."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Keep the tube sealed",
            "line": "Re-cap the tube immediately after use and keep it away from volatile vapours, since the grease absorbs water and hydrocarbon vapours."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cleaning",
            "line": "Wipe off excess with a lint-free cloth. Warm soapy water or toluene or xylene removes residue. Alcohols and ketones are not suitable."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. The two safety data sheets were downloaded and text was extracted with pdftotext. Unreachable: EMS-Diasum (403), ProSciTech (429, rate limit) and the NASA outgassing database (entries did not load). Caveats: the vapour pressure, CAS number and hazard classification disagree across sources; the Type L outgassing values are not printed; the viscosity column is not assigned; the Delta Microscopies table is a reseller copy of manufacturer data; the corrosion ratings are a judgement."
  },
  "sources": {
    "delta-apiezon-l": {
      "title": "Apiezon Grease; Type L (Delta Microscopies product page, REF D6070), with Typical Property table",
      "url": "https://www.deltamicroscopies.com/?p=235116",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Retailer product page reproducing manufacturer data (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "apiezon-com-l": {
      "title": "Apiezon L grease, manufacturer product page (apiezon.com)",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/products/vacuum-greases/apiezon-l-grease/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "agar-apiezon-l": {
      "title": "Apiezon L grease, Agar Scientific product page",
      "url": "https://www.agarscientific.com/apiezon-l-grease",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Distributor product page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "apiezon-datasheet-2026": {
      "title": "APIEZON L, M & N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, manufacturer datasheet (M&I Materials Ltd, September 2026)",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Apiezon_L_M_and_N_Ultra_High_and_High_Vacuum_Greases_Datasheet.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "apiezon-sds-uk-2026": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet, Apiezon L Grease, M&I Materials Ltd, version 15, March 2026 (SDS reference 112032601)",
      "url": "https://apiezon.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Apiezon_L_Grease_SDS_UK.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "idealvac-apiezon-lmn-2005": {
      "title": "Apiezon L, M and N Ultra High and High Vacuum Greases, datasheet (Idealvac copy, August 2005)",
      "url": "https://www.idealvac.com/files/manuals/Apiezonlmn_tds.pdf",
      "year": 2005,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Reseller copy of the manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-ldef-lubricants-1993": {
      "title": "Identification and Evaluation of Lubricants, Adhesives, and Seals used on LDEF, Bruce Keough, Boeing Aerospace (NASA NTRS 19930001400)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930001400/downloads/19930001400.pdf",
      "year": 1993,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA technical report (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "oxinst-sds-l": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet, APIEZON GREASE L, Agar Scientific Ltd, printed 27.02.2019, version 1 (copy hosted by Oxford Instruments)",
      "id": "Article AGB7270; CAS 12678-02-3",
      "url": "https://estore.oxinst.com/INTERSHOP/static/WFS/Oxinst-GB-Site/-/Oxinst/en_GB/PDFS/MSDS_-_APIEZON_GREASE_L_(GB).pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer or supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "mi-sds-l": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet, Apiezon L Grease, M&I Materials Ltd, January 2014 (copy hosted by Purdue University)",
      "id": "CAS 8009-03-8",
      "url": "https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/Apiezon%20L.pdf",
      "year": 2014,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/apiezon-l-grease/"
}