{ "spore": "profile", "id": "aluminosilicate-glass", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "glass-and-composites", "name": "Aluminosilicate glass", "abbreviation": "Aluminosilicate", "role": "display and cover glass", "category": "glasses-optics", "type": "borosilicate", "summary": "Aluminosilicate glass is a silica network with alumina and alkali or alkaline-earth oxides added. Corning's EAGLE XG, an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate, has a density of 2.38 g/cc, a strain point of 669 C and a working point of 1293 C (Corning MIE 301, 2006). Corning's Gorilla Glass 2, an alkali aluminosilicate, has a compressive stress capability of 1000 MPa at a 40 um depth of layer after chemical strengthening (Corning product sheet, 2012). Chemical strengthening swaps sodium ions in the surface for potassium ions from a hot salt bath. NASA tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate window glass for Apollo and found no refractive-index change at the third decimal after 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation (NASA, 1968).\n", "best_for": "Thin cover and display glass that is chemically strengthened, where hardness and a high softening point matter more than cost", "weakest_at": "Cost and processing: EAGLE XG has a working point of 1293 C, and strengthening needs a molten potassium salt bath (EAGLE XG data, Zeng et al. 2016)", "identity": { "formula": "Silica-alumina network with alkali or alkaline-earth oxides (model alkali aluminosilicate: 0.25 Na2O, 0.08 Al2O3, 0.67 SiO2 in mole fraction; EAGLE XG is an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate)", "designations": [ { "system": "Trade name", "code": "EAGLE XG", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Title block, trademark note" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Xensation", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Technical details page, Mechanical properties table header" } ], "source": "wikipedia-gorilla-glass", "where": "Infobox, composition row (alkali-aluminosilicate: SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, MgO). The model composition is from the Experimental section of Zeng et al. 2016." }, "tags": { "environments": [ "cislunar" ], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "electronics-and-chips", "solar-arrays", "habitats-and-suits" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density (EAGLE XG)", "value": 2.38, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cc", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Printed as 2.38 g/cc (20 C, 68 F) in the Density row of the mechanical table.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Mechanical table, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus (EAGLE XG)", "value": 73.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG" }, "method": "Printed as 73.6 GPa (10.7 x 10^6 psi) in the Young's Modulus row.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Mechanical table, Young's Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "shear_modulus", "label": "Shear modulus (EAGLE XG)", "value": 30.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG" }, "method": "Printed as 30.1 GPa in the Shear Modulus row.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Mechanical table, Shear Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson's ratio (EAGLE XG)", "value": 0.23, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG" }, "method": "Printed as 0.23 in the Poisson's Ratio row.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Mechanical table, Poisson's Ratio row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Linear thermal expansion, 0 to 300 C (EAGLE XG)", "value": 31.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "x10^-7/C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature_range": "0 to 300 C" }, "method": "Printed as 31.7 x 10^-7/C (0 to 300 C) and 17.7 x 10^-7/F. The metric value is used, unconverted.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Thermal Expansion row, 0 to 300 C", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Linear thermal expansion, room temperature to setting point (EAGLE XG)", "value": 35.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "x10^-7/C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature_range": "25 to 675 C" }, "method": "Printed as 35.5 x 10^-7/C (25 to 675 C) in the Room Temperature To Setting Point row.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Thermal Expansion, Room Temperature To Setting Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "annealing_point", "label": "Annealing point, 10^13 poise (EAGLE XG)", "value": 722, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "viscosity": "10^13 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 722 C at 1013 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Viscosity block, Annealing Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "strain_point", "label": "Strain point, 10^14.5 poise (EAGLE XG)", "value": 669, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "viscosity": "10^14.5 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 669 C at 1014.5 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Viscosity block, Strain Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "softening_point", "label": "Softening point, 10^7.6 poise (EAGLE XG)", "value": 971, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "viscosity": "10^7.6 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 971 C at 107.6 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Viscosity block, Softening Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "working_point", "label": "Working point, 10^4 poise (EAGLE XG)", "value": 1293, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "viscosity": "10^4 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 1293 C at 10^4 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Viscosity block, Working Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant (EAGLE XG)", "value": 5.27, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "frequency": "1 kHz", "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Printed as 5.27 at 20 C, 1 kHz.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Electrical table, Dielectric Constant row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dissipation_factor", "label": "Loss tangent (EAGLE XG)", "value": 0.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "frequency": "1 kHz", "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Printed as Loss Tangent 0.30% at 20 C, 1 kHz. The printed percent is kept.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Electrical table, Loss Tangent row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index (EAGLE XG)", "value": 1.5099, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "wavelength": "589.3 nm" }, "method": "Printed as 1.5099 at 589.3 nm in the Optical table.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Optical table, 589.3 nm row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat (EAGLE XG)", "value": 0.768, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(g.K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature": "23 C" }, "method": "Printed as 0.768 J/(gm-K) at 23 C. The printed unit is kept.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Thermal table, Specific Heat column, 23 C row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, calculated (EAGLE XG)", "value": 0.0109, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/cm.K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature": "23 C" }, "method": "MIE 301 states that thermal conductivity is calculated as diffusivity times specific heat times density. Printed as 0.0109 W/cm-K at 23 C; the printed unit is kept.", "status": "calculated", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Thermal table, Thermal Conductivity column, 23 C row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "log10_volume_resistivity", "label": "Log10 volume resistivity (EAGLE XG)", "value": 12.9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "log10 ohm-cm", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "temperature": "250 C" }, "method": "Printed as 12.9 log10 ohm-cm at 250 C (482 F). Not a canonical name.", "status": "ground", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Electrical block, Log10 Volume Resistivity row, 250 C", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 2.42, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "basis": "no temperature printed on the sheet" }, "method": "Printed as 2.42 g/cm3 in the Density row of the Properties block.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 71.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "method": "Printed as 71.5 GPa in the Young's Modulus row.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Young's Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "shear_modulus", "label": "Shear modulus (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 29.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "method": "Printed as 29.6 GPa in the Shear Modulus row.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Shear Modulus row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson's ratio (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 0.21, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "method": "Printed as 0.21 in the Poisson's Ratio row.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Poisson's Ratio row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of expansion, 0 to 300 C (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 81.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "x10^-7/C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "temperature_range": "0 to 300 C" }, "method": "Printed as 81.4 x 10^-7/C (0 to 300 C).", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Coefficient of Expansion row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "annealing_point", "label": "Annealing point, 10^13 poise (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 653, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "viscosity": "10^13.2 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 653 C at 1013.2 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Viscosity block, Annealing Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "strain_point", "label": "Strain point, 10^14.7 poise (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 599, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "viscosity": "10^14.7 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 599 C at 1014.7 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Viscosity block, Strain Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "softening_point", "label": "Softening point, 10^7.6 poise (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 895, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "viscosity": "10^7.6 poise" }, "method": "Printed as 895 C at 107.6 poises in the Viscosity block.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Viscosity block, Softening Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness, unstrengthened (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 534, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kgf/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "state": "unstrengthened", "load": "200 g" }, "method": "Printed as 534 kgf/mm2 at 200 g load, unstrengthened.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Vickers Hardness row, unstrengthened line", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness, strengthened (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 649, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kgf/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "state": "chemically strengthened", "load": "200 g" }, "method": "Printed as 649 kgf/mm2 at 200 g load, strengthened.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Vickers Hardness row, strengthened line", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "fracture_toughness", "label": "Fracture toughness (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 0.68, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa m0.5", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "method": "Printed as 0.68 MPa m0.5 in the Fracture Toughness row. Not a canonical name.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Properties block, Fracture Toughness row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index, core glass (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 1.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "wavelength": "590 nm" }, "method": "Printed as 1.50 for the core glass at 590 nm. The compression layer is 1.51 on the same line.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Optical block, Refractive Index, Core Glass row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 7.24, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "frequency": "50 MHz" }, "method": "Printed as 7.24 at 50 MHz in the Electrical table.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Electrical table, 50 MHz row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dissipation_factor", "label": "Loss tangent (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 0.03, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "frequency": "50 MHz", "bound": "printed as less than 0.03" }, "method": "Printed as less than 0.03 at 50 MHz. The value is the printed upper bound.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Electrical table, Loss Tangent column, 50 MHz row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "compressive_stress_capability", "label": "Compressive stress capability (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 1000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "depth_of_layer": "40 um" }, "method": "Printed as 1000 MPa at 40 um DOL. The sheet also prints 950 MPa at 50 um DOL. Not a canonical name.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Chemical Strengthening block, Compressive Stress Capability row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "depth_of_layer", "label": "Depth of layer capability (Gorilla Glass 2)", "value": 50, "bound": "exact", "unit": "um", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Gorilla Glass 2", "basis": "capability printed on the sheet" }, "method": "Printed as 50 um in the Depth of Layer Capability row. Not a canonical name.", "status": "ground", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Chemical Strengthening block, Depth of Layer Capability row", "source_detail": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness, untreated, 1 to 7 mol% P2O5 (model glass)", "value": 4.8, "value_high": 5.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Model glass xP2O5-(100-x)(0.25Na2O-0.08Al2O3-0.67SiO2)", "state": "untreated", "load": "0.98 N, 10 s" }, "method": "Text says the hardness of the untreated glasses decreases from about 5.1 to 4.8 GPa as P2O5 rises from 1 to 7 mol%. Read as a range.", "status": "ground", "source": "zeng-2016", "where": "Results, Vickers hardness paragraph (page 4)", "source_detail": { "title": "Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide", "id": "Zeng H, Wang L, Ye F, Yang B, Chen J, Chen G, Sun L. Frontiers in Materials 3:53 (2016), doi 10.3389/fmats.2016.00053", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf", "year": 2016, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, CC BY" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness after ion exchange, 400 C 6 h (model glass)", "value": 5.5, "value_high": 6.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Model glass xP2O5-(100-x)(0.25Na2O-0.08Al2O3-0.67SiO2)", "state": "ion exchanged in molten KNO3 at 400 C for 6 h", "load": "0.98 N, 10 s" }, "method": "Text says the hardness of the ion-exchanged glasses increases from 5.5 to 6.1 GPa with rising P2O5.", "status": "ground", "source": "zeng-2016", "where": "Results, Vickers hardness paragraph (page 4)", "source_detail": { "title": "Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide", "id": "Zeng H, Wang L, Ye F, Yang B, Chen J, Chen G, Sun L. Frontiers in Materials 3:53 (2016), doi 10.3389/fmats.2016.00053", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf", "year": 2016, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, CC BY" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 2.38, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "basis": "typical measured values, unstrengthened glass" }, "method": "Printed as 2.38 g/cm3 in the Density row, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Density row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density (SCHOTT Xensation Up)", "value": 2.48, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Up", "basis": "typical measured values, unstrengthened glass" }, "method": "Printed as 2.48 g/cm3 in the Density row, Up column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Density row, Up column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Young's modulus (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 78, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kN/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "basis": "typical measured values, unstrengthened glass" }, "method": "Printed as 78 kN/mm2 in the Young's modulus row, Core column. The printed unit is kept.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Young's modulus row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "shear_modulus", "label": "Shear modulus (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 32, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kN/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "basis": "typical measured values, unstrengthened glass" }, "method": "Printed as 32 kN/mm2 in the Shear modulus row, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Shear modulus row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson's ratio (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 0.22, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core" }, "method": "Printed as 0.22 in the Poisson's ratio row, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Poisson's ratio row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness, unstrengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 610, "bound": "exact", "unit": "HV", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "state": "unstrengthened" }, "method": "Printed as 610 HV, unstrengthened, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Vickers hardness row, unstrengthened line", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "label": "Vickers hardness, strengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 670, "bound": "exact", "unit": "HV", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "state": "typical after chemical strengthening" }, "method": "Printed as 670 HV in the strengthened line, Core column. SCHOTT says the values are typical after chemical strengthening.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, Vickers hardness row, strengthened line", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "flexural_strength", "label": "Four-point bending strength, chemically strengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 800, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "bound": "printed as greater than 800 MPa", "state": "after chemical strengthening" }, "method": "Printed as capable of greater than 800 MPa for Core. Only the lower bound is printed.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Mechanical properties table, 4-point bending strength row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Mean linear expansion, 20 to 300 C (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "x10^-6/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "temperature_range": "20 to 300 C" }, "method": "Printed as 5.0 x 10^-6 K^-1 for Core. The printed unit is kept.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, mean linear expansion row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Mean linear expansion, 20 to 300 C (SCHOTT Xensation Up)", "value": 8.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "x10^-6/K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Up", "temperature_range": "20 to 300 C" }, "method": "Printed as 8.3 x 10^-6 K^-1 for Up. The printed unit is kept.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, mean linear expansion row, Up column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "transformation_temperature", "label": "Transformation temperature (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 580, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core" }, "method": "Printed as 580 C in the transformation temperature row, Core column. Not a canonical name.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, transformation temperature row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "annealing_point", "label": "Annealing point, 10^13 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 590, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "viscosity": "10^13 dPas" }, "method": "Printed as 590 C at 10^13 dPas in the viscosity rows, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, annealing point, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "softening_point", "label": "Softening point, 10^7.6 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 820, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "viscosity": "10^7.6 dPas" }, "method": "Printed as 820 C at 10^7.6 dPas, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, softening point, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "working_point", "label": "Working point, 10^4 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 1190, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "viscosity": "10^4 dPas" }, "method": "Printed as 1190 C at 10^4 dPas, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, working point, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "refractive_index", "label": "Refractive index, core glass (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 1.511, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "wavelength": "595 nm" }, "method": "Printed as 1.511 for the core glass at 595 nm, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Optical properties table, refractive index row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dielectric_constant", "label": "Dielectric constant (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 6.1, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "frequency": "54 MHz", "basis": "extrapolated" }, "method": "Printed as 6.1 at 54 MHz in the electrical table, Core column. SCHOTT labels these values as extrapolated.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Electrical properties table, 54 MHz row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "dissipation_factor", "label": "Loss tangent (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "value": 0.009, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "frequency": "54 MHz", "basis": "extrapolated" }, "method": "Printed as 0.009 at 54 MHz in the electrical table, Core column.", "status": "ground", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Electrical properties table, 54 MHz row, Core column", "source_detail": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "annealing_point", "label": "Annealing point, Corning code 1723 (aluminosilicate window glass)", "value": 710, "bound": "exact", "unit": "C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "product": "Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate glass", "note": "stated as the annealing point of this glass" }, "method": "Printed in the text as 710 C for this glass, in the results on refractive index. Read from OCR text, so verify with the page image if in doubt.", "status": "ground", "source": "nasa-1968-apollo-windows", "where": "Results and conclusions, section 1 (refractive index), report page 69", "source_detail": { "title": "Evaluation of the effects of space environment exposure on index of refraction and extinction coefficients of Apollo window materials", "id": "NASA contract report, General Dynamics Corporation, April 1968, NTRS 19680010998", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680010998/downloads/19680010998.pdf", "year": 1968, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work, public domain" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Weathering by atmospheric water and carbon dioxide (EAGLE XG)", "headline": "EAGLE XG is rated weathering class 1, which almost never shows weathering effects", "effect": "Corning defines weathering as corrosion by atmospheric gases and vapour such as water and carbon dioxide. Class 1 glasses will almost never show weathering effects, class 2 occasionally, and class 3 need careful consideration. No test duration is printed.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "product": "EAGLE XG", "basis": "Corning weathering class" }, "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Chemical block, Weathering row" }, { "environment": "Hydrofluoric acid 10 percent, 20 min, 20 C (EAGLE XG)", "headline": "Hydrofluoric acid removes the most glass of the EAGLE XG reagents tested", "effect": "Weight loss 5.18 mg/cm2 in the EAGLE XG durability table, the largest of the reagents listed. NH4F:HF 10 percent for the same time gives 0.84 mg/cm2.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "time": "20 min", "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "Corning durability test; values depend strongly on test conditions" }, "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Chemical block, Durability table, HF 10% row" }, { "environment": "Sodium hydroxide 5 percent, 6 h, 95 C (EAGLE XG)", "headline": "EAGLE XG weight loss in hot sodium hydroxide is 1.83 mg/cm2 over 6 h", "effect": "Weight loss 1.83 mg/cm2 in the EAGLE XG durability table. Na2CO3 0.02N for 6 h at 95 C gives 0.16 mg/cm2.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "time": "6 h", "temperature": "95 C" }, "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Chemical block, Durability table, NaOH 5% row" }, { "environment": "Deionised water, 24 h, 95 C (EAGLE XG)", "headline": "No measurable weight loss in hot deionised water", "effect": "Weight loss printed as 0.00 mg/cm2 for 24 h at 95 C in the EAGLE XG durability table.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "time": "24 h", "temperature": "95 C" }, "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Chemical block, Durability table, DI H2O row" }, { "environment": "Hydrofluoric acid 10 percent, 20 min, 20 C (Gorilla Glass 2)", "headline": "Gorilla Glass 2 loses more to hydrofluoric acid than EAGLE XG does", "effect": "Weight loss 11.88 mg/cm2 in the Gorilla Glass 2 chemical durability table, against 5.18 mg/cm2 for EAGLE XG in the same reagent and time.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "time": "20 min", "temperature": "20 C", "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Chemical Durability table, HF 10% row" }, { "environment": "Sodium hydroxide 5 percent, 6 h, 95 C (Gorilla Glass 2)", "headline": "Gorilla Glass 2 weight loss in hot sodium hydroxide", "effect": "Weight loss 1.42 mg/cm2 in the Gorilla Glass 2 chemical durability table.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "time": "6 h", "temperature": "95 C", "product": "Gorilla Glass 2" }, "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Chemical Durability table, NaOH-5% row" }, { "environment": "Alkaline solution, DIN ISO 695 (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "headline": "Core is alkali class A2 and loses 104 mg/dm2 in 3 h", "effect": "SCHOTT prints alkali class A2 and surface weight loss 104 mg/dm2 after 3 h for Core. Alpha is A2 at 92 mg/dm2 and Up is A1 at 42 mg/dm2. Values are for unstrengthened glass.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "test": "DIN ISO 695", "time": "3 h", "basis": "class letter printed by SCHOTT; no rating scale in the datasheet" }, "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Chemical properties table, alkali resistance rows" }, { "environment": "Acid, DIN 12 116, 6 h (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "headline": "Core is acid class S3 with 8.5 mg/dm2 half surface weight loss", "effect": "SCHOTT prints acid class S3 and half surface weight loss 8.5 mg/dm2 after 6 h for Core. Alpha is S2 at 1.4 mg/dm2 and Up is S4 at 19 mg/dm2.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "test": "DIN 12 116", "time": "6 h" }, "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Chemical properties table, acid resistance rows" }, { "environment": "Water, DIN ISO 719 (SCHOTT Xensation Core)", "headline": "Core is hydrolytic class HGB 1, with 21 ug/g Na2O released from grains", "effect": "SCHOTT prints hydrolytic class HGB 1 and an equivalent of 21 ug/g Na2O per gram of glass grains for Core. Alpha is HGB1 at 32 ug/g and Up is HGB2 at 38 ug/g.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "variant": "Xensation Core", "test": "DIN ISO 719" }, "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Chemical properties table, hydrolytic resistance rows" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for potassium nitrate, the salt used for the ion-exchange bath: H272 (may intensify fire; oxidizer, Danger) and H319 (causes serious eye irritation, Warning). These classes describe the salt, not the finished glass.", "ghs": [ "H272", "H303", "H315", "H319", "H335" ], "source": "pubchem-potassium-nitrate", "where": "GHS Classification, Potassium Nitrate (CID 24434)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Loss of the compressive layer if ion exchange runs too hot", "trigger": "Ion exchange at or above the annealing range", "consequence": "Zeng et al. ran the treatment below the annealing range so that the stress introduced is not removed by relaxation.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "zeng-2016", "where": "Results, paragraph on compressive stress and depth of layer" }, { "mode": "Strength limited by surface flaws", "trigger": "Surface flaws from handling, scratching or impact", "consequence": "Zeng et al. state that the practical strength of glasses is about two orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value because of surface flaws. Gorilla Glass 2 has a fracture toughness of 0.68 MPa m0.5 (Corning sheet).", "severity": "moderate", "source": "zeng-2016", "where": "Introduction, first two paragraphs" }, { "mode": "Surface attack by hydrofluoric acid", "trigger": "Contact with 10 percent hydrofluoric acid", "consequence": "EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C (MIE 301). Gorilla Glass 2 loses 11.88 mg/cm2 under the same test (Corning sheet).", "severity": "high", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Durability table, HF 10% row" }, { "mode": "Surface attack in alkaline solution (Xensation Core)", "trigger": "Contact with an alkaline solution in the DIN ISO 695 test", "consequence": "Surface weight loss of 104 mg/dm2 after 3 h, alkali class A2 (SCHOTT typical value for unstrengthened Core glass).", "severity": "moderate", "source": "schott-xensation", "where": "Chemical properties table, alkali resistance rows" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Handle the potassium nitrate bath as an oxidizer and an eye irritant (PubChem GHS H272 and H319).", "source": "pubchem-potassium-nitrate", "where": "GHS Classification" }, { "text": "Hydrofluoric acid attacks the surface: 10 percent HF removes 5.18 mg/cm2 from EAGLE XG in 20 min at 20 C (Corning MIE 301).", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Durability table" }, { "text": "Keep the ion-exchange step below the annealing range and in the 390 to 430 C range used for the model glass (Zeng et al. used KNO3 at 390, 400, 410, 420 and 430 C for 2 to 10 h).", "source": "zeng-2016", "where": "Experimental section, ion exchange; Results" } ], "mitigations": [] }, "uses": [ { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "Touchscreen cover glass for phones and tablets", "example": "Corning says Gorilla Glass 2 is an ideal protective cover for displays in smartphones, laptop and tablet screens, and touchscreen devices.", "source": "gorilla-glass-2", "where": "Applications list" }, { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "Substrate for active-matrix flat-panel displays", "example": "Corning's MIE 301 gives EAGLE XG's principal use as substrates for active-matrix flat-panel displays, in fusion-drawn sheet form.", "source": "eagle-xg-mie301", "where": "Glass type, forms and principal uses, page 1" }, { "application": "solar-arrays", "device": "Integral cover glass bonded to silicon solar cells", "example": "NASA's 1971 final report on integral covers used Corning glass 1720, an aluminosilicate, as the cover in most evaporation tests, and called 1720 covers excellent candidates for lightweight array use after its electron-exposure test.", "source": "nasa-1971-solar-covers", "where": "Section 2.2, integral cover investigations; electron exposure results" }, { "application": "habitats-and-suits", "device": "Apollo spacecraft window", "example": "A General Dynamics report for the Manned Spacecraft Center tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate glass for Apollo windows. It found no refractive-index change to the third decimal after 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation, though the aluminosilicate sample showed charged-particle discharge tracks.", "source": "nasa-1968-apollo-windows", "where": "Results and conclusions, sections 1 and 2" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Potash (potassium, as K2O) for potassium salts used in the ion-exchange bath", "abundance": "USGS: world potash mine production about 49,000 thousand t K2O equivalent in 2025 (estimated), and world reserves of more than 5.9 billion t K2O equivalent.", "producers": [ { "country": "Canada", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Belarus", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: no recycling is reported for potash.", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-potash-2026", "where": "Mine production and reserves table; Recycling" }, { "subject": "Potash, United States import sources", "abundance": "USGS: potash import sources 2021 to 2024, as printed. Net import reliance was 92 percent of apparent US consumption in 2025 (estimated).", "producers": [ { "country": "Canada", "share_percent": 79, "year": 2024 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 12, "year": 2024 }, { "country": "Israel", "share_percent": 3, "year": 2024 }, { "country": "Other", "share_percent": 6, "year": 2024 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: none.", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-potash-2026", "where": "Import Sources (2021-24); Salient statistics, net import reliance (2025e value 92 percent)" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301 (Corning, January 2006; copy hosted by Valley Design)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006 }, { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information (copy hosted by Valley Design, Rev B, January 2012)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012 }, { "title": "Xensation technical details (SCHOTT)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details" }, { "title": "Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide (Zeng et al., Frontiers in Materials, open access)", "type": "paper", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf", "year": 2016 }, { "title": "Evaluation of the effects of space environment exposure on index of refraction and extinction coefficients of Apollo window materials (General Dynamics, NASA contract report, April 1968)", "type": "report", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680010998/downloads/19680010998.pdf", "year": 1968 }, { "title": "Development of integral covers on solar cells, final report June 1970 to June 1971 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center contract)", "type": "report", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720006385/downloads/19720006385.pdf", "year": 1971 }, { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Potash (USGS)", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-potash.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Potassium nitrate, PubChem CID 24434, GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24434/JSON" }, { "title": "Gorilla Glass (Wikipedia)", "type": "report", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass" } ], "gaps": [ "Non-canonical property names used because spores/property-canon.yaml has no entry for them: softening_point, annealing_point, strain_point, working_point, vickers_hardness, fracture_toughness, transformation_temperature, compressive_stress_capability, depth_of_layer, log10_volume_resistivity. The canon file needs them added before import.", "Corning current product sheets for EAGLE XG (2021 and 2023 editions) and Gorilla Glass 3, Victus and Victus 2 could not be fetched: corning.com returned Access Denied (HTTP 403) to automated download, and the valleydesign copies are the 2006 EAGLE XG and 2012 Gorilla Glass 2 sheets. Search snippets quoted newer figures (for example EAGLE XG 74 GPa and 32 x10^-7/C in a 2023 sheet), but these were not read as pages in this run and are not used.", "EAGLE XG composition is not printed in MIE 301 (it is described only as an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate), so no recipe shares are given for EAGLE XG.", "Vickers hardness of EAGLE XG (640 at 200 g, 25 s) is printed without a unit in MIE 301, so it is left out.", "Potassium aluminosilicate: no fetched source gives a potassium-rich aluminosilicate composition or its properties. Potassium enters as the exchange ion in the KNO3 bath (Zeng et al.; Wikipedia).", "Alumina and bauxite supply: the USGS bauxite summary was not reachable as a PDF in this run, so alumina is not covered in the supply section. The USGS aluminum summary was read but gives aluminium metal smelter output, not alumina, so it is not used.", "Critical-mineral status of potassium and aluminium oxide was not checked in this run.", "Humidity and water-fatigue ageing of alkali or alkaline-earth aluminosilicate glass: no open paper with numeric results was opened. The Liu et al. 2020 paper (Physical Review Materials) concerns caesium aluminoborate glass and is not used. The Striepe et al. 2013 alkaline-earth aluminosilicate paper was not reachable as a PDF.", "Space radiation: NASA 1971 reports transmission losses after 1 MeV electron exposure for glass 1720, but the percentages in the OCR text are not clean enough to use as values, so they appear only in narrative text. No UV or radiation table with numbers was read for Gorilla Glass or EAGLE XG.", "Chemical strengthening outputs (compressive stress and depth of layer) for the model glass are shown only as a figure in Zeng et al. (Figure 5), so no numeric CS or DOL is taken from that paper. The 30 to 75 um depth of layer quoted by Zeng et al. from earlier work is not used as a property.", "Potassium nitrate GHS classes come from PubChem's aggregated notifications for the salt, not from an SDS for the glass or the bath. No SDS for the ion-exchange bath was read in this run.", "SCHOTT's Xensation page describes sodium-ion exchange, while Corning, Zeng et al. and Wikipedia describe potassium exchange. The sources are reported as printed and the difference is not resolved.", "The SCHOTT Xensation values are for the Core, Alpha and Up variants of the Xensation family. The page does not name which variant is sold as Xensation Cover, so the variant is stated for each value.", "Dielectric constant and loss tangent are measured at different frequencies in each source (1 kHz for EAGLE XG, 50 MHz for Gorilla Glass 2, 54 MHz for Xensation). The values are not directly comparable.", "Corning's durability weight losses are for the stated reagent and time only. Corning says values are highly dependent on test conditions, so the table is not a service-life measure." ], "story": { "why": "Aluminosilicate glass is the choice when a thin glass must be hard and chemically strengthened. The datasheets read here give high strain and softening points (EAGLE XG strain point 669 C, softening point 971 C), and chemical strengthening adds a surface layer under compression. The trade-off is cost and processing: a high working temperature (EAGLE XG 1293 C) and a salt-bath step.", "uses": [ { "where": "Phone and tablet covers", "line": "Corning gives Gorilla Glass 2 as an ideal protective cover for smartphone, laptop and tablet screens, and touchscreen devices." }, { "where": "Flat-panel display substrates", "line": "EAGLE XG is made as fusion-drawn sheet for active-matrix flat-panel display substrates (Corning MIE 301)." }, { "where": "Solar-array covers", "line": "NASA's 1971 integral cover work used Corning glass 1720, an aluminosilicate, as the cover in most evaporation tests, and called 1720 covers excellent candidates for lightweight arrays." }, { "where": "Apollo windows", "line": "A 1968 General Dynamics report for the Manned Spacecraft Center tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate for Apollo windows. After 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation, no refractive-index change showed to the third decimal." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Density", "line": "Corning gives 2.38 g/cc at 20 C for EAGLE XG. Gorilla Glass 2 is 2.42 g/cm3 and SCHOTT Xensation Core is 2.38 g/cm3.", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material", "value": "2.38 g/cc (EAGLE XG)" }, { "label": "Working point", "line": "Corning gives a working point of 1293 C at 10^4 poises for EAGLE XG.", "benchmark": "working_point", "scope": "material", "value": "1293 C (EAGLE XG)" }, { "label": "Hardness after ion exchange", "line": "Zeng et al. report that ion exchange at 400 C for 6 h raises the Vickers hardness of the model glass from 5.5 to 6.1 GPa as P2O5 rises from 1 to 7 mol%.", "benchmark": "vickers_hardness", "scope": "material", "value": "5.5 to 6.1 GPa (model glass)" }, { "label": "Compressive stress capability", "line": "Corning prints 1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer, and 950 MPa at 50 um, for Gorilla Glass 2.", "benchmark": "compressive_stress_capability", "scope": "material", "value": "1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer" } ], "compare": "Among the sources read here, EAGLE XG has a density of 2.38 g/cc, a strain point of 669 C and a working point of 1293 C. Gorilla Glass 2 is denser at 2.42 g/cm3 and has a lower strain point of 599 C, but it is the one with a stated chemical strengthening capability of 1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer. SCHOTT's Xensation Core is 2.38 g/cm3 with a transformation temperature of 580 C, and its Up variant has a larger expansion of 8.3 x10^-6/K against 5.0 for Core.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Linear thermal expansion", "benchmark": "cte", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Softening point", "benchmark": "softening_point", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Keep hydrofluoric acid away from the glass surfaces. EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C in 10 percent HF (Corning MIE 301).", "Use eye protection with the potassium nitrate bath: PubChem classes it as an oxidizer (H272) and eye irritant (H319).", "Run ion exchange below the annealing range, as Zeng et al. did, so that the stress is not lost to relaxation." ], "good_for": [ "Thin cover glass for displays and touchscreens, where a chemically strengthened surface and hardness matter.", "Flat-panel display substrates, where EAGLE XG's low alkali content and high strain point matter (Corning MIE 301 gives total alkali of about 0.1 wt percent).", "Lightweight solar-array covers, as NASA's 1971 work suggested for glass 1720." ], "watch_out": [ "Processing is hotter and costlier than soda-lime glass: EAGLE XG has a working point of 1293 C and the strengthened glass needs a salt bath.", "Corning's durability table shows the glass is strongly attacked by hydrofluoric acid. Keep HF away from the surface.", "No humidity-ageing or radiation-ageing data for chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass were read in this run. The 1968 Apollo test ran for 30 days of equivalent dose only." ], "verdict": "Aluminosilicate glass is the strong, thin choice for display and cover glass when the glass is chemically strengthened. The datasheets agree on density, strain point and hardness. The sources read here do not give ageing or flight-life data for chemically strengthened aluminosilicate, so flight use needs its own test.", "recipe": { "line": "Aluminosilicate glass is a silica network modified by alumina and alkali or alkaline-earth oxides. Alkali aluminosilicate glass (Gorilla type) is strengthened by immersing it in a hot potassium-salt bath, which swaps smaller sodium ions in the surface for larger potassium ions (Wikipedia; Zeng et al. 2016). The model glass in Zeng et al. is melted at high temperature, cast in a preheated brass mold and annealed to relieve internal stress. Corning does not publish the EAGLE XG or Gorilla batch recipe.", "parts": [ { "name": "Silica", "symbol": "SiO2", "role": "Network former. It forms the glass framework.", "share_percent": 67 }, { "name": "Sodium oxide", "symbol": "Na2O", "role": "Network modifier. Its sodium ions are the ones that potassium replaces in the ion-exchange bath.", "share_percent": 25 }, { "name": "Alumina", "symbol": "Al2O3", "role": "Intermediate oxide that gives the aluminosilicate network its name.", "share_percent": 8 }, { "name": "Phosphorus pentoxide", "symbol": "P2O5", "role": "Added in Zeng et al. to raise compressive stress, depth of layer and hardness. It makes the silicate network less polymerised, which speeds ion exchange." } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The finished glass has no hazard class in the sources read. The hazard data read are for the potassium nitrate used in the ion-exchange bath (PubChem GHS H272 and H319) and for the glass edges.", "points": [ { "label": "Sharp edges", "line": "Broken aluminosilicate glass is sharp. Handle broken pieces with gloves and dispose of them in a sharps container." }, { "label": "Potassium nitrate bath", "line": "PubChem's aggregated GHS for potassium nitrate is H272, may intensify fire (oxidizer, Danger), and H319, causes serious eye irritation (Warning). These describe the salt, not the glass." }, { "label": "Hydrofluoric acid", "line": "Hydrofluoric acid etches the surface: EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C (Corning MIE 301)." } ], "level": 0, "verdict": "Potassium nitrate bath is an oxidizer and eye irritant" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-26", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 52, "unreachable": 4, "caveats": 6, "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from sources read in this run: Corning MIE 301 (EAGLE XG, 2006) and Gorilla Glass 2 sheet (2012) as copies hosted by Valley Design, SCHOTT Xensation technical details, Zeng et al. 2016 (Frontiers, open access), NASA 1968 Apollo window report and NASA 1971 integral cover report, USGS potash 2026, PubChem potassium nitrate. Corning current sheets and the USGS bauxite summary could not be read. Numbers from search snippets are not used." }, "sources": { "eagle-xg-mie301": { "title": "Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301", "id": "Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf", "year": 2006, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" }, "gorilla-glass-2": { "title": "Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet", "id": "Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design)", "url": "https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer document, cited not reproduced" }, "schott-xensation": { "title": "Xensation technical details", "id": "SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page", "url": "https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced" }, "zeng-2016": { "title": "Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide", "id": "Zeng H, Wang L, Ye F, Yang B, Chen J, Chen G, Sun L. Frontiers in Materials 3:53 (2016), doi 10.3389/fmats.2016.00053", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf", "year": 2016, "kind": "paper", "license": "open access, CC BY" }, "nasa-1968-apollo-windows": { "title": "Evaluation of the effects of space environment exposure on index of refraction and extinction coefficients of Apollo window materials", "id": "NASA contract report, General Dynamics Corporation, April 1968, NTRS 19680010998", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680010998/downloads/19680010998.pdf", "year": 1968, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work, public domain" }, "nasa-1971-solar-covers": { "title": "Development of integral covers on solar cells", "id": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center contract report, final report June 1970 to June 1971, NTRS 19720006385", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720006385/downloads/19720006385.pdf", "year": 1971, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work, public domain" }, "usgs-potash-2026": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Potash", "id": "USGS, MCS 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-potash.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "US government work, public domain" }, "pubchem-potassium-nitrate": { "title": "Potassium nitrate, PubChem CID 24434", "id": "PubChem, GHS classification of potassium nitrate", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24434/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem, public domain" }, "wikipedia-gorilla-glass": { "title": "Gorilla Glass", "id": "Wikipedia, Gorilla Glass", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminosilicate-glass/" }