{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "aluminium-nitride",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbide-nitride-boride-ceramics",
  "name": "Aluminium nitride",
  "abbreviation": "AlN",
  "role": "electrically insulating heat-spreading ceramic",
  "category": "ceramics",
  "type": "nitrides",
  "summary": "Aluminium nitride (AlN) is a technical ceramic that conducts heat well while staying electrically insulating, which is why it is used as a substrate and heat spreader in electronics. Its values depend strongly on grade: this profile keeps the Accuratus typical data and three CoorsTek grades (AlN 180, AlN-HP and AlN-HTC) separate. The sources describe high thermal conductivity, a thermal expansion close to that of silicon, and slow reaction with water, with surface oxidation in air above 700 °C.",
  "best_for": "Electronic substrates, packages and heat spreaders where heat must leave a part without conducting electricity.",
  "weakest_at": "Water and humid storage: it hydrolyzes slowly, and the sources print no moisture limit. Thermal values also differ by grade.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "AlN (aluminium nitride)",
    "cas": "24304-00-5",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "CAS",
        "code": "24304-00-5",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Names and Identifiers > Other Identifiers > CAS"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Aluminium nitride",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Names and Identifiers > Record Description"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Aluminum nitride",
        "source": "accuratus-aln",
        "where": "Page title and Materials list"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "AlN",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Names and Identifiers > Molecular Formula"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AlN 180",
        "note": "CoorsTek grade name; its values are kept separate",
        "source": "coorstek-aln",
        "where": "Properties table, grade column header"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AlN-HP",
        "note": "CoorsTek grade name; its values are kept separate",
        "source": "coorstek-aln",
        "where": "Properties table, grade column header"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AlN-HTC",
        "note": "CoorsTek grade name; its values are kept separate",
        "source": "coorstek-aln",
        "where": "Properties table, grade column header"
      }
    ],
    "source": "pubchem-aln",
    "where": "Molecular Formula and CAS sections, CID 90455"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat",
      "thermal-cycling"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 3.26,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "gm/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "route": "dense technical grade; the page says sintering aids and hot pressing are required",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; page note says room-temperature values except as noted",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 320,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "route": "dense technical grade; the page says sintering aids and hot pressing are required",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Flexural Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 330,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "route": "dense technical grade; the page says sintering aids and hot pressing are required",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Elastic Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson ratio, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 0.24,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Poisson's Ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 2100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; test method not stated; name not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Compressive Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 1100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Kg/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; hardness test type not stated; name not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
      "label": "Fracture toughness K_IC, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 2.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa•m1/2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; test method not stated; name not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Mechanical, Fracture Toughness KIC row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 140,
      "value_high": 180,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "W/m•°K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "route": "dense technical grade; the page says sintering aids and hot pressing are required",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical range; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Thermal, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 4.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "not stated (page note says room-temperature values except as noted)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The page says the low expansion is close to that of silicon; no silicon value is entered here.",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Thermal, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 740,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/Kg•°K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Thermal, Specific Heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ac-kv/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "test": "ac; test thickness not stated",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value; unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Electrical, Dielectric Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 MHz, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Electrical, Dielectric Constant row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dissipation factor (loss tangent) at 1 MHz, typical commercial AlN (Accuratus)",
      "value": 0.0003,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "typical commercial AlN, unnamed (Accuratus table)",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "temperature": "room temperature (page note)"
      },
      "method": "Accuratus typical value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "accuratus-aln-pdf",
      "where": "Aluminum Nitride Engineering Properties table, Electrical, Dissipation Factor row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
        "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
        "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 3.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "CoorsTek grade table value; no test method or temperature printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Density row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 3.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "CoorsTek grade table value; no test method or temperature printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Density row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 3.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "CoorsTek grade table value; no test method or temperature printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Density row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength (4-point MOR), CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "4-point flexural strength (MOR), as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, 4-PT Flexural Strength (MOR) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength (4-point MOR), CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 365,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "4-point flexural strength (MOR), as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, 4-PT Flexural Strength (MOR) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength (4-point MOR), CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 375,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "4-point flexural strength (MOR), as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, 4-PT Flexural Strength (MOR) row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Young's modulus as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Young's Modulus (20 °C) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 276,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Young's modulus as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Young's Modulus (20 °C) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 330,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Young's modulus as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Young's Modulus (20 °C) row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "compressive_strength",
      "label": "Compressive strength, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 2000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Compressive strength as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated; the other two grades show no value",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Compressive Strength (20 °C) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
      "label": "Fracture toughness K_IC, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 3.03,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa m 1/2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "K_IC as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Fracture Toughness (K_IC) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fracture_toughness",
      "label": "Fracture toughness K_IC, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 3.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa m 1/2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "K_IC as labelled in the CoorsTek table; test method not stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Fracture Toughness (K_IC) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 5.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "1x10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature_range": "25 to 1000 °C"
      },
      "method": "Coefficient of thermal expansion as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (25-1000 °C) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 5.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "1x10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature_range": "25 to 1000 °C"
      },
      "method": "Coefficient of thermal expansion as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (25-1000 °C) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 5.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "1x10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature_range": "25 to 1000 °C"
      },
      "method": "Coefficient of thermal expansion as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (25-1000 °C) row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 738,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg*K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Specific heat as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Specific Heat (100 °C) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 705,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg*K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Specific heat as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Specific Heat (100 °C) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat, CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 705,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg*K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "temperature": "100 °C"
      },
      "method": "Specific heat as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Specific Heat (100 °C) row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ac-kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "test": "ac; 6.35 mm thickness as labelled",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Dielectric strength as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Dielectric Strength (6.35mm) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 16,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ac-kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "test": "ac; 6.35 mm thickness as labelled",
        "temperature": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Dielectric strength as labelled in the CoorsTek table, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Dielectric Strength (6.35mm) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 MHz, CoorsTek AlN 180",
      "value": 8.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN 180 (CoorsTek table column)",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "temperature": "25 °C"
      },
      "method": "Dielectric constant as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Dielectric Constant (1 MHz) row, AlN 180 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 MHz, CoorsTek AlN-HP",
      "value": 8.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HP (CoorsTek table column)",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "temperature": "25 °C"
      },
      "method": "Dielectric constant as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Dielectric Constant (1 MHz) row, AlN-HP column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant at 1 MHz, CoorsTek AlN-HTC",
      "value": 9.05,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AlN-HTC (CoorsTek table column)",
        "frequency": "1 MHz",
        "temperature": "25 °C"
      },
      "method": "Dielectric constant as labelled in the CoorsTek table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Properties table, Dielectric Constant (1 MHz) row, AlN-HTC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
        "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Air above 700 °C",
      "headline": "Surface oxidation starts; an oxide layer protects to 1370 °C",
      "effect": "Accuratus says surface oxidation begins above 700 °C, a layer of aluminum oxide forms and protects the material up to 1370 °C, and bulk oxidation occurs above that temperature.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "air",
        "temperature": "700 °C onset; 1370 °C protection limit"
      },
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrogen and carbon dioxide",
      "headline": "Stable up to 980 °C",
      "effect": "Accuratus says the material is stable in hydrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres up to 980 °C.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "hydrogen or carbon dioxide",
        "temperature": "up to 980 °C"
      },
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water",
      "headline": "Slow hydrolysis; no moisture limit printed",
      "effect": "Accuratus says the material hydrolyzes slowly in water. Neither the Accuratus page nor the PubChem record prints a numeric limit or rate.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "medium": "water"
      },
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water (decomposition)",
      "headline": "Decomposes to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide",
      "effect": "The PubChem hazards summary says AlN is decomposed by water forming ammonia and aluminum hydroxide, citing a Materion MSDS.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "medium": "water"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-aln",
      "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Mineral acids",
      "headline": "Slow dissolution through grain-boundary attack",
      "effect": "Accuratus says the material dissolves slowly in mineral acids through grain-boundary attack.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong alkalis",
      "headline": "Attack on the AlN grains",
      "effect": "Accuratus says strong alkalis attack the aluminum nitride grains.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Semiconductor process chemicals and gases",
      "headline": "Non-reactive with normal process chemicals",
      "effect": "Accuratus says the material is non-reactive with normal semiconductor process chemicals and gases.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "Key Aluminum Nitride Properties list"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates ECHA notifications from 328 reports: H315 skin irritation (88.7%), H319 serious eye irritation (70.4%), H335 may cause respiratory irritation (70.7%), H373 may cause organ damage through prolonged or repeated exposure (22%) and H410 very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects (22.9%). Signal word: Warning. PubChem notes that 5 of 328 reports do not meet GHS criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335",
          "H373",
          "H410"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem hazards summary, citing a Materion MSDS: decomposed by water forming ammonia and aluminum hydroxide; may cause irritation and possibly burns; inhalation may cause corrosive injuries to the upper respiratory tract and lungs.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hydrolysis on exposure to water",
        "trigger": "Contact with water or moisture",
        "consequence": "Breakdown to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide; no moisture limit or rate is printed on the pages read",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary; Accuratus says it hydrolyzes slowly in water"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Bulk oxidation at high temperature in air",
        "trigger": "Air above 1370 °C",
        "consequence": "Bulk oxidation occurs above the temperature at which the surface oxide layer protects the material, according to Accuratus",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "accuratus-aln",
        "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Water decomposes AlN to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide (PubChem hazards summary), so keep the material away from water.",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary"
      },
      {
        "text": "Moisture: Accuratus says the material hydrolyzes slowly in water and prints no moisture limit.",
        "source": "accuratus-aln",
        "where": "General Aluminum Nitride Information paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dust: the PubChem hazards summary warns that inhalation may cause corrosive injury; the pages read give no dust-control rule for AlN powder.",
        "source": "pubchem-aln",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards > Hazards Identification > Hazards Summary"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Substrates for electronic packages, IC packages and power transistor bases",
      "example": "Accuratus lists substrates for electronic packages, IC packages and power transistor bases among typical uses.",
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "Typical Aluminum Nitride Uses list"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Heat sinks",
      "example": "Accuratus lists heat sinks among typical uses and says most current applications are in electronics where heat removal is important.",
      "source": "accuratus-aln",
      "where": "Typical Aluminum Nitride Uses list; General Aluminum Nitride Information"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Semiconductor heater plates and chucks",
      "example": "CoorsTek lists heater plates and chucks among its sample applications for aluminum nitride, under semiconductor.",
      "source": "coorstek-aln",
      "where": "Sample Applications by Industry list, Semiconductor"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium metal (primary smelter output; USGS does not report AlN output)",
      "abundance": "USGS says world bauxite resources are estimated at 55 to 75 billion tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for aluminum metal well into the future.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 3.6 million tons of aluminum were recovered from purchased scrap in the US in 2025 (metal, not AlN).",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, 2025e column (thousand t). Shares computed against the printed world total of 74,000: China 45,000 = 60.8%, India 4,200 = 5.7%, Russia 3,900 = 5.3%, Canada 3,300 = 4.5%, UAE 2,700 = 3.6%."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Bauxite (aluminium ore, feedstock for alumina)",
      "abundance": "USGS estimates world bauxite resources at 55 to 75 billion tons. Domestic resources are inadequate for long-term US demand.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Guinea",
          "share_percent": 34.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 22,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 19.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 7.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS reports no bauxite recycling (Recycling: None).",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-bauxite-alumina",
      "where": "World Alumina Refinery and Bauxite Mine Production table, bauxite production 2025e column (thousand t). Shares computed against the printed world total of 440,000: Guinea 150,000 = 34.1%, Australia 97,000 = 22.0%, China 87,000 = 19.8%, Brazil 33,000 = 7.5%, India 25,000 = 5.7%."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Alumina (aluminium oxide)",
      "abundance": "USGS: about 4 tons of dried bauxite are required to produce 2 tons of alumina.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 62,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 11.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 7.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 1.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not reported for alumina in the chapter read.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-bauxite-alumina",
      "where": "World Alumina Refinery and Bauxite Mine Production table, alumina production 2025e column (thousand t). Shares computed against the printed world total of 150,000: China 93,000 = 62.0%, Australia 17,000 = 11.3%, Brazil 11,000 = 7.3%, India 8,200 = 5.5%, Russia 2,900 = 1.9%."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet PDF)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride | AlN Material Properties (materials page)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/alumni.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "CoorsTek, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem PUG-View record, Aluminium nitride (CID 90455)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/90455/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "CIAAW Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.ciaaw.org/abridged-atomic-weights.htm",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Bauxite and Alumina",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Electrical (volume) resistivity is not entered. Accuratus prints >10^14 ohm·cm and CoorsTek prints >10^12 to >10^14 ohm·cm, with the exponent as a superscript that the source-text check cannot match as a plain number.",
    "Moisture or hydrolysis limit: no number or rate is printed on any page read. Accuratus says only that the material hydrolyzes slowly in water, and PubChem says water decomposes it.",
    "Maximum use temperature: Accuratus leaves it blank and CoorsTek gives none. The oxidation temperatures in the corrosion section are page statements, not use limits.",
    "CoorsTek thermal conductivity (AlN 180, AlN-HP and AlN-HTC) is not entered, because the table unit cell prints only W/m and the unit is incomplete.",
    "CoorsTek dielectric loss (tan delta) row is blank. The only dielectric loss value is Accuratus 0.0003 at 1 MHz.",
    "Trade names: only the CoorsTek grade names (AlN 180, AlN-HP and AlN-HTC) were found in the pages read. Trade names from other suppliers, such as Tokuyama Shapal, are not covered.",
    "Synthesis route: carbothermal reduction-nitridation of alumina is not verified from a fetched page. The Wiley DOI for Ide et al. 1999 returned a bot-check page.",
    "Sintering aids (Y2O3 or CaO) are named in Wikipedia, but no amount is stated in any page read.",
    "compressive_strength, hardness and fracture_toughness are not in spores/property-canon.yaml; short snake_case names are used for them.",
    "Silicon thermal expansion is not entered. Accuratus says AlN is close to silicon, without a silicon value, so no numerical match is made.",
    "Hazards come from the PubChem aggregate of ECHA notifications. No AlN-specific SDS was read: the American Elements SDS page returned HTTP 403 and an SDS URL guess returned 404.",
    "Failure-risk severity labels are the assistant judgement; no fetched source ranks severity.",
    "Recycling is not reported for AlN. The USGS recycling figures are for aluminium metal and bauxite.",
    "USGS reports bauxite, alumina and aluminium metal, not AlN output. No critical-minerals listing for aluminium is stated in the two chapters read.",
    "PubChem toxicology text covers aluminium metal and its compounds in general, not AlN specifically, so it is not used as an AlN hazard."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Aluminium nitride combines high thermal conductivity with electrical insulation, so it can draw heat out of an electronic part without carrying current. Accuratus says a dense technical grade needs sintering aids and hot pressing, and that its thermal expansion is close to that of silicon. Wikipedia records that AlN was first synthesized in the nineteenth century. The grade changes the numbers a lot, so use the data sheet for the grade you buy.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Electronic packages and substrates",
        "line": "Accuratus lists substrates for electronic packages, IC packages and power transistor bases."
      },
      {
        "where": "Heat sinks",
        "line": "Accuratus lists heat sinks among typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Semiconductor process parts",
        "line": "CoorsTek lists heater plates and chucks among its sample applications for aluminum nitride, under semiconductor."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry heat away",
        "line": "Accuratus gives 140 to 180 W/m•°K at room temperature for typical AlN, and says most current uses are in electronics where heat removal matters.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Insulate electrically",
        "line": "Accuratus gives 17 kV/mm (ac). CoorsTek gives 16 to 20 kV/mm (ac, 6.35 mm) for its grades.",
        "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Match silicon expansion",
        "line": "Accuratus says its thermal expansion is close to that of silicon. CoorsTek gives 5.5 to 5.6 x 10-6 per °C from 25 to 1000 °C for its grades.",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "AlN values are comparable only within one source and grade. Accuratus gives one typical set at room temperature: thermal conductivity of 140 to 180 W/m•°K, flexural strength of 320 MPa, and a thermal expansion of 4.5 (10-6/°C) with no temperature printed. CoorsTek gives grade values at stated temperatures: flexural strength of 300 to 375 MPa at 20 °C, and thermal expansion of 5.5 to 5.6 (1x10-6/°C) from 25 to 1000 °C. The Accuratus and CoorsTek expansion figures should not be mixed. CoorsTek dielectric constants of 8.5 to 9.05 at 1 MHz bracket Accuratus's value of 9. Accuratus calls AlN a non-toxic alternative to beryllia and says metallization lets it replace alumina and BeO in many electronic uses. No alumina or BeO values were read in this profile, so none are compared here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity, typical AlN",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Flexural strength by grade",
        "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion by grade",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "For powder, keep it away from water, which decomposes it to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide (PubChem).",
      "Limit dust. PubChem's hazards summary warns that inhalation may cause corrosive injury to the upper airways and lungs.",
      "Use the data sheet for the grade you buy: Accuratus values are typical, and CoorsTek values are per grade."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Electronic substrates, packages and heat spreaders where heat must leave the part without an electrical short.",
      "Semiconductor process parts such as heater plates and chucks, as CoorsTek lists them."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Thermal conductivity for the CoorsTek grades is not in this profile, because the table unit is printed as W/m only.",
      "Water exposure: AlN hydrolyzes slowly, and no numerical moisture limit is printed on any page read.",
      "Volume resistivity is not entered, because the source exponent is a superscript that the source-text check cannot match."
    ],
    "verdict": "Aluminium nitride suits electronic parts that must conduct heat and stay electrically insulating, as long as the grade is named and water exposure is controlled. The typical and grade values are well sourced, but the profile cannot yet give a verified resistivity or moisture limit.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AlN is aluminium nitride with one aluminium and one nitrogen atom per formula unit. CIAAW 2024 standard atomic weights are 26.982 for aluminium and 14.007 for nitrogen. Accuratus says a dense technical grade needs sintering aids and hot pressing, and Wikipedia names Y2O3 or CaO as sintering aids without giving amounts. No fetched source in this profile verifies the synthesis reaction.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Metal atom in each AlN formula unit",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 26.982,
          "source": "ciaaw-atomic-weights",
          "where": "2024 Abridged Standard Atomic Weights, aluminium row (26.982)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Nonmetal atom in each AlN formula unit",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 14.007,
          "source": "ciaaw-atomic-weights",
          "where": "2024 Abridged Standard Atomic Weights, nitrogen row (14.007)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sintering aid (Y2O3 or CaO)",
          "role": "Densification additive named for dense technical-grade AlN",
          "share_note": "amount not stated in any source read",
          "source": "wiki-aln",
          "where": "Synthesis section, sentence on sintering aids"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "PubChem aggregates ECHA reports that most often list skin, eye and airway irritation.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Irritation",
            "line": "H315, H319 and H335 appear in 70.4% to 88.7% of the reports PubChem aggregates."
          },
          {
            "label": "Repeated exposure",
            "line": "H373 appears in 22% of reports (organ damage from prolonged or repeated exposure)."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Irritant in most reports"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the part gets wet",
        "lead": "Water breaks AlN down slowly to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hydrolysis",
            "line": "Accuratus says the material hydrolyzes slowly in water. PubChem says water decomposes it to ammonia and aluminum hydroxide."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Slow hydrolysis, no limit printed"
      },
      {
        "title": "Hot air",
        "lead": "A surface oxide layer forms in air from 700 °C.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Oxidation",
            "line": "Accuratus says surface oxidation begins above 700 °C, an aluminum oxide layer protects the material up to 1370 °C, and bulk oxidation occurs above that."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Protects to 1370 °C in air"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 36,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Accuratus values are typical room-temperature data for an unnamed commercial grade. CoorsTek values are per grade. Its thermal conductivity unit is printed as W/m only, so that row is not entered. Volume resistivity is not entered because of the superscript exponent."
  },
  "sources": {
    "accuratus-aln": {
      "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride | AlN Material Properties (materials page)",
      "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/alumni.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page, cited"
    },
    "accuratus-aln-pdf": {
      "title": "Accuratus, Aluminum Nitride Material Properties (data sheet)",
      "id": "AlNprops.pdf",
      "url": "https://www.accuratus.com/pdf/AlNprops.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, cited"
    },
    "coorstek-aln": {
      "title": "CoorsTek Technical Ceramics, Aluminum Nitride material page and grade table",
      "url": "https://www.coorstek.com/en/materials/aluminum-nitride/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer webpage, cited"
    },
    "pubchem-aln": {
      "title": "PubChem PUG-View record, Aluminium nitride (CID 90455)",
      "id": "CID 90455; CAS 24304-00-5",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/90455/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Public domain (NCBI), cited"
    },
    "ciaaw-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights, 2024 Abridged Standard Atomic Weights",
      "url": "https://www.ciaaw.org/abridged-atomic-weights.htm",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "CIAAW reference table, cited"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-bauxite-alumina": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Bauxite and Alumina",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bauxite-alumina.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS), cited"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS), cited"
    },
    "wiki-aln": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Aluminium nitride (used for composition and history only)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, cited"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium-nitride/"
}