{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "aluminium-2219",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "aluminium-alloys",
  "name": "Aluminium alloy 2219",
  "abbreviation": "2219",
  "role": "launch-vehicle tank and high-temperature structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "aluminium",
  "summary": "2219 is a wrought aluminium-copper alloy (AA 2219, UNS A92219, EN AW-2219) with about 6.3 wt% copper and small additions of manganese, zirconium, vanadium and titanium. The Aubert and Duval datasheet gives solution treatment at 535 °C, water quench and ageing at 165 to 195 °C. Alloys International gives a T87 minimum tensile strength of 62 ksi and minimum yield strength of 50 ksi, published for reference only. A NASA 2021 record found 5-inch 2219-T87 plate with ductility below 1 % in the short-transverse direction at half thickness.\n",
  "best_for": "Launch-vehicle and cryogenic tankage where weldability and fracture toughness matter (Smith datasheet: readily weldable, good fracture toughness; Alloys International: launch vehicle and cryogenic tanks)",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility in thick plate, where 5-inch T87 plate showed below 1 % in the short-transverse direction (NASA 2021), and general corrosion resistance, which Wikipedia describes as lower than other aluminium alloys",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Al-Cu-Mn-Zr-V-Ti alloy (AA 2219, UNS A92219, EN AW-2219); composition in wt%: Cu 6.30, Mn 0.30, Zr 0.18, V 0.10, Ti 0.06, Al balance",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "A92219",
        "source": "aubert-2219",
        "where": "Header block, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "AW-2219",
        "source": "aubert-2219",
        "where": "Specifications box, European Standards line: EN AW-2219 (Al Cu6Mn)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "AlCu6Mn",
        "source": "aubert-2219",
        "where": "Specifications box, European Standards line: EN AW-2219 (Al Cu6Mn)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AFNOR",
        "code": "AU6MT",
        "source": "aubert-2219",
        "where": "Specifications box, previous AFNOR designation"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B211",
        "source": "smith-2219",
        "where": "Related Material Specifications box"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B221",
        "source": "smith-2219",
        "where": "Related Material Specifications box"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4162",
        "source": "smith-2219",
        "where": "Related Material Specifications box (AMS 4162)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4163",
        "source": "smith-2219",
        "where": "Related Material Specifications box (AMS 4163)"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4094",
        "source": "alloysintl-2219",
        "where": "Specifications section (AMS 4094)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ISO",
        "code": "6361",
        "source": "wiki-2219",
        "where": "Lead section, standards list (ISO 6361)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "aubert-2219",
    "where": "Composition list of the Aubert and Duval 2219 datasheet (no unit printed on that list; the Smith datasheet heads its composition table weight %). Heat treatment on the same datasheet: solution treatment 535 °C, water quench, ageing 165 to 195 °C, most common conditions T851, T852 and T854 (NF EN 515)."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "launch"
    ],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "structures",
      "cryogenic-fuel"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density (infobox value, no temper or test condition on the page)",
      "value": 2.84,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "infobox value; the page gives no temper or test temperature"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Infobox, Density (ρ)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "en.wikipedia.org article, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting temperature (infobox value)",
      "value": 543,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "infobox value; the page gives no test condition"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article (the page also gives 1,009 °F)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Infobox, Melting temperature (Tm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "en.wikipedia.org article, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity at 20 °C",
      "value": 73.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10^3 N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "not stated on the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet, which says it gives typical or average values rather than guaranteed minimums",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, modulus of elasticity, at 20 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio (infobox value)",
      "value": 0.33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "infobox value; the page gives no test condition"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the infobox of the Wikipedia article",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Infobox, Poisson's ratio (ν)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)",
        "id": "en.wikipedia.org article, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W.m/m2.°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "T62, T81 and T87"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, thermal conductivity, at 20 °C (T62, T81 and T87 conditions)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of expansion, 20 to 100 °C",
      "value": 22.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10^-6 m/m.°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "interval": "20 to 100 °C",
        "basis": "mean coefficient as printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, mean coefficient of expansion, between 20 and 100 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Mean specific heat at 200 °C",
      "value": 0.86,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/g.°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "200 °C",
        "basis": "mean specific heat as printed"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, mean specific heat, at 200 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 5.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μΩ.cm2/cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "T62, T81 and T87"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, electrical resistivity, at 20 °C (T62, T81 and T87 conditions)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity at 20 °C",
      "value": 17.4,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "x10^6 S/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "temper": "T62, T81 and T87"
      },
      "method": "Typical value on the Aubert and Duval datasheet, unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Physical properties, electrical conductivity, at 20 °C (T62, T81 and T87 conditions)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, T87 minimum (typical published value)",
      "value": 62,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "T87",
        "form": "not stated in the table",
        "basis": "minimum, shown as 'typical published values for reference only, not for design'"
      },
      "method": "Typical minimum value printed in the Alloys International table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, T87 row, tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminum 2219 (Alloys International product page: nominal chemistry, typical mechanical properties, applications)",
        "id": "alloysintl.com, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/aluminum-alloys/aluminum-2219",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, T87 minimum (typical published value)",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "T87",
        "form": "not stated in the table",
        "basis": "minimum, shown as 'typical published values for reference only, not for design'"
      },
      "method": "Typical minimum value printed in the Alloys International table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, T87 row, yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminum 2219 (Alloys International product page: nominal chemistry, typical mechanical properties, applications)",
        "id": "alloysintl.com, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/aluminum-alloys/aluminum-2219",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, T87 minimum (typical published value)",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "T87",
        "form": "not stated in the table",
        "basis": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical minimum value printed in the Alloys International table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloysintl-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties table, T87 row, elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminum 2219 (Alloys International product page: nominal chemistry, typical mechanical properties, applications)",
        "id": "alloysintl.com, accessed 2026-10-26",
        "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/aluminum-alloys/aluminum-2219",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, bar, T8511, longitudinal",
      "value": 58,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar and extrusions",
        "temper": "T8511",
        "direction": "L (longitudinal)",
        "specification": "AMS 4162"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the bar and extrusions table of the Smith datasheet (approximate testing, per its disclaimer)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-2219",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Bar and Extrusions table, row 2219 (AMS 4162) T8511 L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 Aluminium: Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres, © 2023",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/aluminium/2xxx/2219.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, bar, T8511, longitudinal",
      "value": 42,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar and extrusions",
        "temper": "T8511",
        "direction": "L (longitudinal)",
        "specification": "AMS 4162"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the bar and extrusions table of the Smith datasheet (approximate testing, per its disclaimer)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-2219",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Bar and Extrusions table, row 2219 (AMS 4162) T8511 L",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 Aluminium: Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres, © 2023",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/aluminium/2xxx/2219.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation in 2 in, bar, T8511, longitudinal",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar and extrusions",
        "temper": "T8511",
        "direction": "L (longitudinal)",
        "gauge": "2 in"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the bar and extrusions table of the Smith datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-2219",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties, Bar and Extrusions table, row 2219 (AMS 4162) T8511 L, elongation in 2 in",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "2219 Aluminium: Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres, © 2023",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/aluminium/2xxx/2219.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, forging, longitudinal, 100 to 200 mm thickness",
      "value": 395,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "open or closed-die forging",
        "thickness": "100 to 200 mm",
        "temper": "T851, T852 or T854",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "temperature": "ambient"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Aubert and Duval datasheet as '>395 N/mm2' for the 100 to 200 mm forging",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, second block (100/200 mm thickness), UTS",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength (0.2 % offset), forging, longitudinal, 100 to 200 mm thickness",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "open or closed-die forging",
        "thickness": "100 to 200 mm",
        "temper": "T851, T852 or T854",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "temperature": "ambient"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Aubert and Duval datasheet as '>300 N/mm2' for the 100 to 200 mm forging",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, second block (100/200 mm thickness), 0.2 % yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation (5d), forging, longitudinal, 100 to 200 mm thickness",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "open or closed-die forging",
        "thickness": "100 to 200 mm",
        "temper": "T851, T852 or T854",
        "direction": "longitudinal",
        "gauge": "5d"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the Aubert and Duval datasheet as '>6 %'",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Typical mechanical properties, second block (100/200 mm thickness), elongation (5d)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
        "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
        "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, 5-inch T87 plate, short-transverse direction at half thickness",
      "value": 1,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "5-inch thick plate, LOX tank baffle support on Artemis-I",
        "temper": "2219-T87",
        "direction": "short transverse",
        "location": "half-thickness"
      },
      "method": "Upper bound ('below 1 %') quoted in the abstract of a NASA 2021 investigation of broken tensile samples",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-artemis-2021",
      "where": "Abstract, sentence beginning 'Recent material data indicated'",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "5 Inch Thick 2219-T87 Plate Low Ductility Investigation: Material Analysis on Broken 2219 Tensile Samples",
        "id": "NASA NTRS 20210025431",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210025431",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Stress corrosion cracking, T8 temper",
      "headline": "In the T8 temper the datasheet rates the alloy's stress-corrosion resistance as excellent.",
      "effect": "The Aubert and Duval datasheet says that in the T8 condition (cold worked and aged) the alloy has excellent stress-corrosion resistance. The Smith datasheet says the T8 temper is resistant to stress corrosion cracking. Neither gives a test condition.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "statements on two datasheets; no test data or exposure time given",
        "temper": "T8 (cold worked and aged)"
      },
      "source": "aubert-2219",
      "where": "Characteristics list, bullet on T8 condition (Smith datasheet: Key features and Product Description)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion of the unclad alloy",
      "headline": "Wikipedia says the alloy is generally less corrosion resistant than other aluminium alloys, and that it can be clad to make up for this.",
      "effect": "The article says that aluminium-copper alloys are generally less corrosion resistant and harder to weld than other aluminium alloys, and that 2219 can be clad to compensate for the lower corrosion resistance.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement; no environment or test condition given"
      },
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Lead and corrosion sentences of the article"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "A generic aluminium-alloy safety data sheet (supplier 'Aluminum Products', covering alloys with copper up to 6.8 % and beryllium up to 0.07 %) says that fumes from welding can vary in degree and that proper protection should be used when welding. It is a product-family sheet, not a 2219 sheet; the Aubert and Duval composition for 2219 has no beryllium.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "sds-aluminum-products",
        "where": "Hazard summary (first page, referring to Section 8) and Section 8, exposure control; composition table"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Low ductility in thick 2219-T87 plate",
        "trigger": "Short-transverse loading at the half-thickness of a 5-inch plate (the Artemis-I LOX tank baffle support)",
        "consequence": "The 2219-T87 material in the Artemis-I part showed unusually low fracture elongation. Recent data put the ductility of 5-inch T87 plate in the short-transverse direction at half thickness below 1 %.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nasa-artemis-2021",
        "where": "Abstract and title"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "The Smith datasheet calls the alloy readily weldable, machinable and tough, with good fracture toughness.",
        "source": "smith-2219",
        "where": "Key features and Weldability box"
      },
      {
        "text": "The generic SDS advises ventilation and protection against welding fume and dust.",
        "source": "sds-aluminum-products",
        "where": "Section 8, exposure control"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Check short-transverse ductility on thick T87 plate before design use, since the NASA 2021 record found it below 1 %.",
        "source": "nasa-artemis-2021",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank",
      "example": "Wikipedia says the Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank was also fabricated from the 2219 alloy.",
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Article text, Space Shuttle paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Space boosters and fuel tanks",
      "example": "The Smith datasheet lists space boosters and fuel tanks as applications for 2219, along with high-temperature structural applications in the aerospace sector.",
      "source": "smith-2219",
      "where": "Applications box"
    },
    {
      "application": "cryogenic-fuel",
      "device": "Launch-vehicle and cryogenic tankage",
      "example": "Alloys International lists launch vehicle and cryogenic tanks, cryogenic pressure vessels and welded pressure vessels among typical applications for 2219.",
      "source": "alloysintl-2219",
      "where": "Typical applications section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Columbus module and Cupola module of the International Space Station",
      "example": "Wikipedia says the Columbus module on the ISS also used 2219 aluminium alloy, and that the dome and skirt of the Cupola Module also use it.",
      "source": "wiki-2219",
      "where": "Article text, International Space Station paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (lists 'Aluminum, used in almost all sectors of the economy')",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS aluminum summary: secondary production from new and old scrap decreased slightly in the US in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed figures); Substitutes; Domestic Production and Use"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Copper",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 23,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 13.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 7.8,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (lists 'Copper, used widely in wiring and cables')",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS copper summary: old scrap converted to refined metal, alloys and other forms provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tube, electrical equipment, and power cable."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-copper",
      "where": "World Mine and Refinery Production table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed figures); Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Aubert and Duval datasheet: Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres technical datasheet: 2219 Aluminium",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/aluminium/2xxx/2219.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloys International: Aluminum 2219 (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/aluminum-alloys/aluminum-2219",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA NTRS 20210025431: 5 Inch Thick 2219-T87 Plate Low Ductility Investigation",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210025431",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Aluminum Products (generic aluminium-alloy product family)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0036/2243/6937/files/SDSAL.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No space-environment result (vacuum, radiation, thermal cycling or flight) for 2219 was found in a page we could read.",
    "The ASM Handbook chapter on 2219 is paywalled, and the NASA weld reports (1972 TM X-64659, 1984 Jemian paper, 1986 VPPA brief) are image-only PDFs. No weld efficiency or weld strength value is included.",
    "No T87 datasheet giving product form, thickness and test direction was read. The T87 minimums come from a supplier table marked for reference only, not for design.",
    "MakeItFrom (2219-T87 and A92219 pages) and MatMatch returned errors, so their values are not used.",
    "The Aubert and Duval density figure has no unit printed on the page, so density is taken from the Wikipedia infobox (2.84 g/cm3, printed unit).",
    "No fracture toughness, fatigue, or cryogenic property with a stated temperature was read from a fetched page.",
    "No alloy-specific SDS for 2219 was read. Hazard data rest on a generic aluminium-alloy product SDS and on the copper and aluminium entries in the USGS summaries.",
    "Crustal abundance of aluminium and copper was not read, and the EU critical raw materials list was not checked in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "2219 is an aluminium-copper alloy chosen for high-strength structures that must still weld and keep their toughness. The datasheets name space boosters, fuel tanks, launch-vehicle tanks and cryogenic tanks as typical uses. The copper content gives the strength, and the alloy is heat-treated to the temper the job requires.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Launch-vehicle and cryogenic tanks",
        "line": "Alloys International lists launch vehicle and cryogenic tanks, and welded pressure vessels, among its typical applications for 2219. The Smith datasheet lists space boosters and fuel tanks."
      },
      {
        "where": "Space Shuttle external tank",
        "line": "Wikipedia says the Space Shuttle Standard Weight Tank was also fabricated from the 2219 alloy."
      },
      {
        "where": "International Space Station",
        "line": "Wikipedia says the Columbus module of the International Space Station also used 2219 aluminium alloy, and that the dome and skirt of the Cupola Module also use it."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength in the T87 temper",
        "line": "The Alloys International table gives a T87 minimum tensile strength of 62 ksi and a minimum yield strength of 50 ksi. The table is marked as typical values for reference only, not for design.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "62 ksi minimum"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The modulus of elasticity is 73.8 x 10^3 N/mm2 at 20 °C on the Aubert and Duval datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "73.8 x10^3 N/mm2"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "line": "Electrical conductivity is 17.4 x 10^6 S/m at 20 °C, in the T62, T81 and T87 conditions.",
        "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "17.4 x10^6 S/m"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "2219 is a copper-bearing aluminium alloy with high strength for an aluminium alloy, and it is used where welding, toughness and cryogenic service matter. Its density of 2.84 g/cm3 is typical of aluminium alloys. The comparison rows show the density, stiffness and tensile strength against the other entries in the collection.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Use the supplier's certificate for the product form and temper before design; the T87 minimums here are reference values.",
      "Ventilate or use a respirator when welding, cutting or grinding, because the fume can vary in degree.",
      "Check ductility in thick plate in the short-transverse direction, since 5-inch T87 plate has shown below 1 %."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Launch-vehicle and cryogenic tankage. The Alloys International table lists these applications for 2219.",
      "Welded structures. The Smith datasheet calls the alloy readily weldable, with good fracture toughness."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Thick plate. NASA's 2021 record found 5-inch T87 plate with ductility below 1 % in the short-transverse direction.",
      "Corrosion resistance. Wikipedia describes the alloy as less corrosion resistant than other aluminium alloys; cladding is used to compensate.",
      "Property sources differ by form and temper. Compare only values with the same temper, form and direction."
    ],
    "verdict": "2219 is the heritage tank alloy of the Shuttle era. It gives high strength and good weldability for launch-vehicle tankage. Its thick-plate ductility needs checking for each product, and its values must come from the form and temper the design uses.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AA 2219 is an aluminium alloy with about 6.3 wt% copper, the largest addition, plus small amounts of manganese, zirconium, vanadium and titanium. The Aubert and Duval datasheet gives the composition and the heat treatment: solution treatment at 535 °C, a water quench, then ageing at 165 to 195 °C to reach the required properties.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "The largest addition by weight. The datasheet lists 6.30 against the composition list."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Small addition listed on the datasheet."
        },
        {
          "name": "Zirconium",
          "symbol": "Zr",
          "role": "Small addition listed on the datasheet."
        },
        {
          "name": "Vanadium",
          "symbol": "V",
          "role": "Small addition listed on the datasheet."
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Small addition listed on the datasheet."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The alloy is supplied as solid metal. The hazard comes from welding, cutting or grinding, which create fume and dust.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The metal",
            "line": "The product-family safety data sheet does not give a 2219-specific hazard classification. It advises protection against welding fume and dust."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Fume from welding can vary in degree. The safety data sheet advises ventilation and a respirator to limit exposure."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not hazardous as a wrought product, but welding fume needs…"
      },
      {
        "title": "If a tank or structure fails",
        "lead": "These results come from a ground investigation and from the material's own datasheet, not from a flight failure.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Thick plate",
            "line": "NASA's 2021 investigation of 5-inch 2219-T87 plate found very low ductility, below 1 %, in the short-transverse direction at half thickness."
          },
          {
            "label": "Corrosion",
            "line": "Wikipedia notes that aluminium-copper alloys are generally less corrosion resistant than other aluminium alloys. Clad sheet is used to make up for this."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and processing",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Weldability",
            "line": "The Smith datasheet calls 2219 readily weldable, with good fracture toughness and good machinability."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Solution treatment is 535 °C, then a water quench and ageing at 165 to 195 °C. The common conditions are T851, T852 and T854."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 19,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from pages read in this run. The NASA weld reports and the ASM chapter could not be read (image-only or paywalled). The density unit is taken from the Wikipedia infobox because the Aubert and Duval page prints none."
  },
  "sources": {
    "aubert-2219": {
      "title": "Aluminium alloy 2219 (Al Cu6Mn): datasheet",
      "id": "Aubert and Duval, EN AW-2219, UNS A92219",
      "url": "https://aubertduval.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2219_GB.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "smith-2219": {
      "title": "2219 Aluminium: Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
      "id": "Smiths Metal Centres, © 2023",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/aluminium/2xxx/2219.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-2219": {
      "title": "2219 aluminium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org article, accessed 2026-10-26",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "alloysintl-2219": {
      "title": "Aluminum 2219 (Alloys International product page: nominal chemistry, typical mechanical properties, applications)",
      "id": "alloysintl.com, accessed 2026-10-26",
      "url": "https://alloysintl.com/inventory/aluminum-alloys/aluminum-2219",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-artemis-2021": {
      "title": "5 Inch Thick 2219-T87 Plate Low Ductility Investigation: Material Analysis on Broken 2219 Tensile Samples",
      "id": "NASA NTRS 20210025431",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210025431",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-aluminum": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-copper": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "sds-aluminum-products": {
      "title": "Safety data sheet: Aluminum Products (generic aluminium-alloy family, not specific to 2219)",
      "id": "SDSAL, HQA-style composition table; revision date not read",
      "url": "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0036/2243/6937/files/SDSAL.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium-2219/"
}