{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "aluminium-2014",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "aluminium-alloys",
  "name": "Aluminium alloy 2014",
  "abbreviation": "2014",
  "role": "high-strength aerospace structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "aluminium",
  "summary": "2014 (also sold as 2014A; UNS A92014, EN AW-2014, W.Nr. 3.1255) is a wrought copper-bearing aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mg-Si) used where high strength matters. The Aalco datasheet for 2014A in the T651 temper gives a density of 2.82 g/cm3, a minimum tensile strength of 460 MPa for 12.5 to 40 mm plate, and a thermal conductivity of 138 W/(m·K). Its corrosion resistance is poor: Aalco rates resistance to atmospheric attack as poor, especially in water or salt, and Wikipedia calls it particularly poor, so it is often clad with pure aluminium. A 1960s presentation in the UAH archive says the Saturn cryogenic tanks were fabricated of 2014-T6.\n",
  "best_for": "High-strength structural parts for aerospace and defence, where a 460 MPa minimum tensile strength in T651 plate is needed and the part is clad or painted against corrosion",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion resistance (poor in water and salt, with pitting and galvanic attack in sea water), and welding, which is difficult and prone to cracking",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Al-Cu-Mg-Si wrought alloy (AlCu4SiMg). Composition limits for 2014A in wt% (BS EN 573-3, as printed on Aalco): Cu 3.90 to 5.00, Mn 0.40 to 1.20, Mg 0.20 to 0.80, Si 0.50 to 0.90, Fe max 0.50, Zn max 0.25, Ti max 0.15, Cr max 0.10, Al balance. Smiths gives the same Cu, Mn and Mg ranges.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "A92014",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "UNS line under the alloy 2014 specifications"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.1255",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "Werkstoff Nr. 3.1255 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "EN AW-2014",
        "source": "bikar-2014",
        "where": "Material row on the EN AW-2014 round bar product page"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "AlCu4SiMg",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "Chemical name line in the specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "AFNOR",
        "code": "A-U4SG",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "A-U4SG line in the specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "H15",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "BS H15 line in the specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4029",
        "note": "sheet and plate, T651",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "AMS 4029 line in the specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4121",
        "note": "bars, rods and wire, T6",
        "source": "aircraft-2014",
        "where": "AMS 4121 line in the specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B 209",
        "note": "sheet and plate",
        "source": "wiki-2014",
        "where": "Standards list, ASTM B 209"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "14S",
        "note": "pre-1954 industry designation",
        "source": "wiki-2014",
        "where": "Lead paragraph, sentence on the conventional designation 14S"
      }
    ],
    "source": "aalco-plate",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, Spec BS EN 573-3:2009, alloy 2014, on the Aalco 2014A T651 sheet and plate datasheet"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "launch"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-cold"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "cryogenic-fuel"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 2.82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet title; BS EN 573-3 alloy 2014)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 71,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smiths prints the same 71 GPa. Wikipedia gives 73 GPa as a typical value for 2014, so the figure depends on the source.",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Modulus of Elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smiths prints the same 138 W/m.K. NASA says the room-temperature thermal conductivity of 2014 is up to 30 percent lower than that of electrical-conductor-grade aluminium.",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "23 x10^-6 /K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Thermal Expansion",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 535,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Single value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "NASA gives a melting range of 510 to 638 °C for the same alloy, which contains this value.",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Melting Point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range (lower to upper), alloy 2014",
      "value": 510,
      "value_high": 638,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014 (NASA handbook)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a NASA materials handbook, critical temperatures section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-2014",
      "where": "Section 3.3 Critical Temperatures",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "NASA MSFC, Materials Data Handbook: Aluminum Alloy 2014 (2nd edition, May 1972), prepared under a NASA contract",
        "id": "NTRS 19720023885",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720023885",
        "year": 1972,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "NASA public document (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, 2014A datasheet",
      "value": 0.045,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A (datasheet)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "x10^-6 Ω.m (printed as 0.045 x10^-6 Ω.m)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet; µΩ·m is the same unit as x10^-6 Ω·m",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Physical Property table, row Electrical Resistivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Brinell hardness, plate 12.5 to 40 mm, T651",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "plate, 12.5 to 40 mm",
        "standard": "BS EN 485-2:2008"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Plate 12.5mm to 40mm, row Hardness Brinell",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, plate 12.5 to 40 mm, T651",
      "value": 460,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "plate, 12.5 to 40 mm",
        "standard": "BS EN 485-2:2008"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Plate 12.5mm to 40mm, row Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Proof stress, minimum, plate 12.5 to 40 mm, T651",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "plate, 12.5 to 40 mm",
        "measure": "proof stress as printed; the page does not name the offset"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Plate 12.5mm to 40mm, row Proof Stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation A, minimum, plate 12.5 to 40 mm, T651",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "plate, 12.5 to 40 mm",
        "gauge_length": "printed as Elongation A; gauge length not stated"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Plate 12.5mm to 40mm, row Elongation A",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, sheet 0.4 to 6 mm, T651",
      "value": 440,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "sheet, 0.4 to 6 mm",
        "standard": "BS EN 485-2:2008"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Sheet 0.4mm to 6mm, row Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Proof stress, minimum, sheet 0.4 to 6 mm, T651",
      "value": 390,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014A",
        "temper": "T651",
        "form": "sheet, 0.4 to 6 mm",
        "measure": "proof stress as printed; the page does not name the offset"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Mechanical table, Sheet 0.4mm to 6mm, row Proof Stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
        "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, bar T6510 20 to 75 mm",
      "value": 480,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "alloy 2014 bar",
        "temper": "T6510",
        "form": "bar, 20 to 75 mm diameter",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a materials datasheet (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Alloy 2014 Bar, T6510, diameter 20-75 mm, Tensile Strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
        "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum, bar T6510 20 to 75 mm",
      "value": 435,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "alloy 2014 bar",
        "temper": "T6510",
        "form": "bar, 20 to 75 mm diameter",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a materials datasheet (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Alloy 2014 Bar, T6510, diameter 20-75 mm, Yield Strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
        "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum, bar T6510 20 to 75 mm",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "alloy 2014 bar",
        "temper": "T6510",
        "form": "bar, 20 to 75 mm diameter",
        "gauge_length": "5.65 square root of area, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a materials datasheet (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Alloy 2014 Bar, T6510, diameter 20-75 mm, Elongation on 5.65 min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
        "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, bar T6/T6510/T6511 25 to 75 mm",
      "value": 460,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014 / 2014A",
        "temper": "T6, T6510 or T6511",
        "form": "bar, 25 to 75 mm diameter",
        "standard": "BS EN 755-2"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-2014",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties box, page 2, row Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths High Performance, 2014 / 2014A Aluminium technical datasheet (revision 11.02.2025)",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/aluminium/commercial-aluminium/2014-aluminium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Proof stress, minimum, bar T6/T6510/T6511 25 to 75 mm",
      "value": 420,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014 / 2014A",
        "temper": "T6, T6510 or T6511",
        "form": "bar, 25 to 75 mm diameter",
        "standard": "BS EN 755-2",
        "measure": "proof stress as printed; the page does not name the offset"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-2014",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties box, page 2, row Proof Stress",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths High Performance, 2014 / 2014A Aluminium technical datasheet (revision 11.02.2025)",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/aluminium/commercial-aluminium/2014-aluminium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum, bar T6/T6510/T6511 25 to 75 mm",
      "value": 7,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "2014 / 2014A",
        "temper": "T6, T6510 or T6511",
        "form": "bar, 25 to 75 mm diameter",
        "standard": "BS EN 755-2"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a stockist datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-2014",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties box, page 2, row Elongation",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths High Performance, 2014 / 2014A Aluminium technical datasheet (revision 11.02.2025)",
        "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/aluminium/commercial-aluminium/2014-aluminium-english.pdf",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, sheet T4 bare 0.2 to 6.0 mm",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "alloy 2014 sheet",
        "temper": "T4 bare",
        "form": "sheet, 0.2 to 6.0 mm",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a materials datasheet (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Alloy 2014 Sheet, T4 Bare, 0.2-6.0 mm, Tensile Strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
        "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum, sheet T4 bare 0.2 to 6.0 mm",
      "value": 225,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "alloy 2014 sheet",
        "temper": "T4 bare",
        "form": "sheet, 0.2 to 6.0 mm",
        "unit_in_source": "N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a materials datasheet (typical mechanical properties table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Alloy 2014 Sheet, T4 Bare, 0.2-6.0 mm, Yield Strength min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
        "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Atmosphere, water and salt",
      "headline": "Corrosion resistance is poor, so unclad 2014 needs paint or cladding.",
      "effect": "Aalco rates resistance to atmospheric attack as poor, especially when exposed to water or salt, and advises a lanolin-based protective oil in storage. Wikipedia says the corrosion resistance is particularly poor and that the alloy is often clad with pure aluminium. Smiths calls corrosion resistance average and says the material is often hard anodised, so the datasheets do not agree on the grade of resistance.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "datasheet and encyclopaedia statements; no exposure test with a corrosion rate was read"
      },
      "source": "aalco-plate",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section (Aalco); Wikipedia lead paragraph read for the cladding statement"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride water and sea water",
      "headline": "Pitting in chloride water, and severe galvanic attack in sea water.",
      "effect": "NASA's handbook says pitting attack occurs in waters containing chloride or other halogen ions, especially at crevices or stagnant areas. It also says that galvanic coupling with more noble metals generally produces severe attack on aluminium, especially in sea water, and that traces of copper, iron and mercury ions promote localised attack.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement for aluminium alloys in the NASA handbook; no 2014-specific rate was quoted"
      },
      "source": "nasa-2014",
      "where": "Section 10.1 General, Corrosion Resistance and Protection"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot forming of 2014-T6",
      "headline": "Hot forming without artificial ageing lowers corrosion resistance.",
      "effect": "NASA says hot forming generally reduces the corrosion resistance of 2014-T6, but artificial ageing after hot forming prevents the susceptibility. Under controlled conditions, strength loss from reheating seldom exceeds 5 percent.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "2014-T6",
        "process": "hot forming"
      },
      "source": "nasa-2014",
      "where": "Section 5.212 Hot Forming"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Space environment (launch vehicles and spacecraft)",
      "headline": "NASA says aluminium alloys are relatively insensitive to space-environment degradation.",
      "effect": "The NASA handbook states that aluminium alloys have been used in structural and nonstructural applications in launch vehicles and spacecraft with excellent success, because they are relatively insensitive to degradation in typical space environments. This is a general statement for the alloy family, not a 2014 exposure result.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement; no 2014 flight exposure or mass-loss data were read in this run"
      },
      "source": "nasa-2014",
      "where": "Section 6.1 General, Space Environment Effects"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Russel Metals SDS for aluminium alloys (a generic sheet, not specific to 2014, dated April 15, 2019) says aluminium and its alloys are an article and not hazardous in solid form. Cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous materials. For those emitted products the sheet lists flammable solid category 1 (chips or powder form), carcinogenicity category 2 and respiratory sensitiser category 1.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "russel-sds",
        "where": "Section 2 Hazardous Ingredients, classification and GHS table"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same SDS gives an exposure limit of 1 mg/m3 (ACGIH TWA) for aluminium and aluminium alloy dusts.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "russel-sds",
        "where": "Exposure controls, control parameters"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Pitting and galvanic attack in chloride or sea water",
        "trigger": "Water containing chloride or other halogen ions, crevices or stagnant areas, or contact with more noble metals",
        "consequence": "NASA says these conditions cause pitting and severe galvanic attack on aluminium, especially in sea water. The sources give no corrosion rate for 2014 in these conditions.",
        "severity": "critical",
        "source": "nasa-2014",
        "where": "Section 10.1 General"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Cracking during welding",
        "trigger": "Fusion welding of 2014",
        "consequence": "Wikipedia says the alloy is difficult to weld because it is subject to cracking.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wiki-2014",
        "where": "Lead paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of corrosion resistance after hot forming without ageing",
        "trigger": "Hot forming of 2014-T6 with no artificial ageing afterwards",
        "consequence": "NASA says artificial ageing after hot forming prevents the corrosion susceptibility. Strength loss from controlled reheating seldom exceeds 5 percent.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-2014",
        "where": "Section 5.212 Hot Forming"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "NASA says the room-temperature thermal conductivity of 2014 can be up to 30 percent lower than that of electrical-conductor-grade aluminium, so heat transfer depends on temper and composition.",
        "affects": "Heat spreading and thermal control",
        "source": "nasa-2014",
        "where": "Section 9.212 Thermal conductivity"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Aalco advises a lanolin-based protective oil against atmospheric corrosion in storage. It rates brazing and soldering as not recommended, and resistance spot and beam welding as excellent.",
        "source": "aalco-plate",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance and Weldability sections"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dusts, chips and fines can burn. Aluminium chips, dust and fines in contact with water can generate flammable hydrogen gas. The SDS says to use Class D extinguishing agents or sand on fires involving dusts or chips.",
        "source": "russel-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures, suitable extinguishing media and specific hazards"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Clad the alloy with pure aluminium, or paint unclad material that is exposed to the elements.",
        "source": "wiki-2014",
        "where": "Lead paragraph, corrosion sentence"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aircraft structural parts",
      "example": "Aircraft Materials says alloy 2014 is commonly used in many aerospace structural applications because of its high strength, and also lists military vehicles, bridges and weapons. Aalco describes it as a high-strength component alloy for aerospace and defence.",
      "source": "aircraft-2014",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph; Aalco use statement is on the aalco-plate datasheet (Machinability and typical applications)"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Saturn cryogenic propellant tanks",
      "example": "A presentation by a Douglas engineer, held in the University of Alabama in Huntsville archive, says the NASA/Douglas Saturn tanks for cryogenic fuels were fabricated of 2014-T6 aluminium alloy, and that many of their structural features were first developed for the Thor booster.",
      "source": "uah-harpoothian",
      "where": "Archive description (item 10274), abstract paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Motorsport uprights, hydraulic parts and fasteners",
      "example": "Smiths High Performance lists motorsport uprights, hydraulics, fasteners and aircraft fuselages among typical applications, and says the alloy is highly suitable where high strength and fatigue resistance are required.",
      "source": "smiths-2014",
      "where": "Applications box, page 1"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium, primary smelter production",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 about 3.6 million tons of aluminum were recovered from purchased scrap in the United States, about 56 % from new scrap and 44 % from old scrap. Old scrap was equivalent to about 28 % of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-aluminum",
      "where": "World Smelter Production and Capacity table, 2025e column (China 45,000; India 4,200; Russia 3,900; Canada 3,300; UAE 2,700; world total 74,000, thousand t). Shares were calculated by Space Mushroom from those tonnes and rounded to 0.1 %. Recycling and Substitutes sections."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx"
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths High Performance: 2014 / 2014A Aluminium technical datasheet (revision 11.02.2025)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/aluminium/commercial-aluminium/2014-aluminium-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Aircraft Materials: Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: 2014 aluminium alloy",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_aluminium_alloy",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "BIKAR: EN AW-2014 round bar product page (designation table)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://my.bikar.com/en_US/products/329_003-329-003-2"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA MSFC Materials Data Handbook: Aluminum Alloy 2014, 2nd edition (NTRS 19720023885)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720023885",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "title": "University of Alabama in Huntsville archive: The production of large tanks for cryogenic fuels (Harpoothian)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/items/show/10274"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Russel Metals GHS safety data sheet: Aluminum alloys (April 15, 2019)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.russelmetals.com/wp-content/uploads/sds-aluminum-alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2019
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Critical-mineral listing for aluminium was not read in this run: the USGS aluminum summary did not print a critical-minerals entry, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, fracture toughness and cryogenic strength of 2014 were not entered. The NASA 1972 handbook has these data, but its scanned text is too noisy to copy values from with confidence.",
    "The ASM alloy digest for 2014 was blocked by a bot check and was not read. Its values are not used.",
    "No 2014 flight outgassing, total-mass-loss, atomic-oxygen erosion or cold-welding result was found. No LDEF or space-exposure data were read for this alloy.",
    "No flight or modern launch-vehicle record for 2014 was found. The only space use is the Saturn cryogenic tank statement in a 1960s-era archive presentation.",
    "Electrical conductivity of 2014 (Wikipedia gives 34 to 50 % IACS, with no temper stated) and the Wikipedia ranges for tensile strength and thermal conductivity were not entered, because they are not tied to one temper or form.",
    "The Russel Metals SDS is a generic aluminium-alloy sheet, not one for 2014. Its hazard text is used only as a general statement, and no GHS hazard codes are printed in it. No PubChem record was read (the page is client-rendered).",
    "Radiation effects, emissivity and regolith abundance of aluminium were not looked up.",
    "Hardness is recorded under the name hardness_brinell, which is not in the canonical property file.",
    "Alclad 2014, which Wikipedia says is often used, is a different product and was not profiled."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "2014 is a copper-bearing aluminium alloy chosen for high strength and fatigue resistance. The Aalco 2014A datasheet in the T651 temper gives a minimum tensile strength of 460 MPa for 12.5 to 40 mm plate, a density of 2.82 g/cm3 and a thermal conductivity of 138 W/(m·K). Its weak point is corrosion: Aalco rates its resistance to atmospheric attack as poor, especially in water or salt, so it is often clad or painted. A presentation in the UAH archive says the Saturn cryogenic tanks were made of 2014-T6.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Aerospace structures",
        "line": "Aircraft Materials describes 2014 as commonly used in many aerospace structural applications. Smiths lists motorsport uprights, hydraulic parts and fasteners among its typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Launch vehicle tanks",
        "line": "A presentation in the UAH archive says the Saturn tanks for cryogenic fuels were fabricated of 2014-T6 aluminium alloy, and that many of their structural features were first developed for the Thor booster."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry load",
        "line": "The 2014A T651 plate from 12.5 to 40 mm has a minimum tensile strength of 460 MPa, a minimum proof stress of 400 MPa and a minimum elongation of 6 %.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "460 MPa minimum tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is 138 W/(m·K) on the Aalco datasheet. NASA says the room-temperature conductivity of 2014 can be up to 30 percent lower than that of electrical-conductor-grade aluminium.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "138 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 2.82 g/cm3 on the Aalco datasheet, and the Smiths datasheet prints the same figure.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "2.82 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting",
        "line": "The datasheet gives a melting point of 535 °C. NASA gives a melting range of 510 to 638 °C for the alloy.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "535 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Sheet strength by temper",
        "line": "A T651 sheet from 0.4 to 6 mm has a minimum tensile strength of 440 MPa. The T4 bare sheet from 0.2 to 6.0 mm has a minimum of 400 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 225 MPa.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "440 MPa T651 against 400 MPa T4"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The Smiths datasheet gives the same 460 MPa minimum tensile class for bar in T6, T6510 and T6511 from 25 to 75 mm, and Aircraft Materials gives 480 MPa for T6510 bar from 20 to 75 mm. Temper changes strength a lot: T4 sheet is 400 MPa and T6 sheet is 440 MPa minimum. The figures come from different datasheets and product forms, so read the rows as examples, not as a ranking against other aluminium profiles.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper and product form. Minimum strength depends on both, and the T4 sheet minimum is 400 MPa against 440 MPa for T651 sheet.",
      "Protect unclad material with paint, cladding or lanolin-based oil in storage, because corrosion resistance is poor.",
      "Do not fusion-weld without a specialist process. Wikipedia says the alloy is subject to cracking, and Aalco rates oxygen and inert-gas welding as not recommended.",
      "Control dust and chips from grinding and machining. They can burn and, when wet, release hydrogen."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-strength machined parts: 460 MPa minimum tensile strength in 12.5 to 40 mm T651 plate.",
      "Aerospace structures and cryogenic propellant tanks, according to the sources cited.",
      "Machining: Smiths calls machinability excellent and Aalco calls it very good."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Corrosion: poor resistance in water and salt, with pitting and galvanic attack, so clad or paint the alloy.",
      "Welding: difficult and prone to cracking. Aalco rates resistance spot and beam welding as excellent, and does not recommend oxygen or inert-gas welding.",
      "Hot forming without artificial ageing lowers corrosion resistance.",
      "The datasheets disagree on corrosion grade: Aalco says poor, Smiths says average.",
      "No 2014 flight outgassing, erosion or cold-welding data were read in this run."
    ],
    "verdict": "2014 is a high-strength copper-bearing aluminium alloy, with a 460 MPa minimum tensile strength in T651 plate, and it was used for Saturn cryogenic tanks according to the UAH archive. It corrodes readily in water and salt and is difficult to weld, so it needs cladding or paint. This profile has no 2014 flight-exposure data, fatigue values or toughness values.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Wrought Al-Cu-Mg-Si alloy (AlCu4SiMg). Composition limits from the BS EN 573-3 table on the Aalco 2014A datasheet: copper 3.90 to 5.00 wt%, manganese 0.40 to 1.20, magnesium 0.20 to 0.80, silicon 0.50 to 0.90, with iron, zinc, titanium and chromium at their maxima and aluminium the balance. It is supplied in the fully heat-treated condition, solution heat-treated and artificially aged (Aalco), and is extruded and forged in practice (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Matrix of the alloy.",
          "share_note": "balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Main alloying element, which gives the alloy its precipitation-hardening strength.",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "share_high": 5
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Alloying element.",
          "share_percent": 0.4,
          "share_high": 1.2
        },
        {
          "name": "Magnesium",
          "symbol": "Mg",
          "role": "Alloying element.",
          "share_percent": 0.2,
          "share_high": 0.8
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Alloying element, 2014A has slightly less iron and silicon than 2014 (Smiths).",
          "share_percent": 0.5,
          "share_high": 0.9
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The sources give hazard information for processing this alloy, not for the solid metal.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "The Russel Metals SDS says aluminium alloys are an article and not hazardous in solid form. Dust and fumes from cutting, grinding, melting and welding are the hazard."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "The same SDS gives an exposure limit of 1 mg/m3 (ACGIH TWA) for aluminium alloy dust."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Low in solid form"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are corrosion in water, cracking in welds, and lost corrosion resistance after hot forming.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Water and salt",
            "line": "NASA describes pitting in chloride water and severe galvanic attack in sea water. The sources give no corrosion rate for 2014 in those conditions."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welds",
            "line": "Wikipedia says the alloy is difficult to weld because it is subject to cracking."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hot forming",
            "line": "NASA says hot forming of 2014-T6 lowers corrosion resistance unless the part is artificially aged afterwards."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "Aalco advises a lanolin-based protective oil in storage."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fires",
            "line": "Dust and chips can burn. The SDS says to use Class D extinguishing agents or sand on those fires."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 21,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Two sources were unreachable: the ASM alloy digest (bot check) and PubChem (client-rendered page). Caveats: the 2014A datasheet values are for the T651 temper and BS EN 485-2 limits; the bar and sheet minimums from Aircraft Materials and Smiths are for other forms; the NASA handbook is from 1972 and its text was scanned, so only clearly printed values were used; the datasheets disagree on corrosion grade and Young's modulus (71 against 73 GPa); the Russel SDS is generic for aluminium alloys."
  },
  "sources": {
    "aalco-plate": {
      "title": "Aalco Metals: Aluminium Alloy, Commercial Alloy 2014A T651 Sheet and Plate (datasheet)",
      "url": "https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-2014A-T651-Sheet-and-Plate_295.ashx",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced); Aalco notes the data may not reflect the latest standards"
    },
    "smiths-2014": {
      "title": "Smiths High Performance, 2014 / 2014A Aluminium technical datasheet (revision 11.02.2025)",
      "url": "https://www.smithshp.com/assets/pdf/aluminium/commercial-aluminium/2014-aluminium-english.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Stockist datasheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aircraft-2014": {
      "title": "Aircraft Materials, Aluminium Alloy 2014 / 2014A technical data sheet",
      "url": "https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/aluminium/2014a.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-2014": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, 2014 aluminium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_aluminium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "bikar-2014": {
      "title": "BIKAR, EN AW-2014 round bar product page with material designation table",
      "url": "https://my.bikar.com/en_US/products/329_003-329-003-2",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-2014": {
      "title": "NASA MSFC, Materials Data Handbook: Aluminum Alloy 2014 (2nd edition, May 1972), prepared under a NASA contract",
      "id": "NTRS 19720023885",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720023885",
      "year": 1972,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "uah-harpoothian": {
      "title": "The production of large tanks for cryogenic fuels, Harpoothian, UAH Archives, Special Collections and Digital Initiatives (item 10274)",
      "url": "https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/items/show/10274",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "University archive description (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-aluminum": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "russel-sds": {
      "title": "Russel Metals GHS safety data sheet, Aluminum alloys (April 15, 2019)",
      "url": "https://www.russelmetals.com/wp-content/uploads/sds-aluminum-alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2019,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium-2014/"
}