{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "alloy-52",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "controlled-expansion-alloys",
  "name": "Alloy 52 (UNS N14052, iron-nickel glass-sealing alloy)",
  "abbreviation": "Alloy 52",
  "role": "controlled-expansion glass-sealing alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "Alloy 52 is an iron-nickel alloy, UNS N14052 and ASTM F30, developed for glass-to-metal seals. The Ulbrich wire datasheet gives a density of 8.30 g/cm3 and a melting point of 1430°C, and a mean coefficient of thermal expansion of 9.8 µm/m-°C over 25 to 450°C. The sources disagree on nickel content: Ulbrich prints \"Nickel: 50.5 nom\", while JLC Electromet prints \"Ni: 52\" and Elan prints \"52% Nickel, Balance Iron\". No corrosion test result was found in the sources read.\n",
  "best_for": "Matching the expansion of soft glass and some ceramics in glass-to-metal seals, such as magnetic reed switch housings",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion and oxidation performance: no test data were found, and the Ulbrich datasheet only refers readers to NACE",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-nickel alloy, nominal nickel 50.5 % with iron balance, per Ulbrich (other sources print 52 % nickel; see story.recipe)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "N14052",
        "source": "ulbrich-52",
        "where": "Title block: Alloy 52, UNS N14052"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F30",
        "source": "ulbrich-52",
        "where": "Title block: ASTM F30"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "2.4478",
        "source": "aperam-n52",
        "where": "Norms list for IMPHY N52: 2.4478"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "17745",
        "note": "standard number printed under the norms for this product",
        "source": "aperam-n52",
        "where": "Norms list for IMPHY N52"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ulbrich-52",
    "where": "Title block (Alloy 52, UNS N14052, ASTM F30) and Chemistry Typical table"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, Alloy 52 wire (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 8.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire (Ulbrich offers shaped, flat, square, round and fine wire)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "note_in_source": "all data are considered typical values only"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a wire supplier datasheet (copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Density: 0.30 lb/in3, 8.30 g/cm3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Alloy 52 wire (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 1430,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "2600°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Melting Point: 2600°F (1430°C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, approximate (Hamilton Precision Metals)",
      "value": 1425,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "qualifier": "printed as approximate"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value printed on a metals supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from the Ulbrich value of 1430°C. The page prints the value as approximate.",
      "source": "hpm-ni52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Melting Point (Approx.) 1425°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052), Hamilton Precision Metals product page",
        "id": "HPM Ni 52 • UNS N14052",
        "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 450 °C (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 9.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "25 to 450 °C (printed as 77-842°F (25-450°C))",
        "temper": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "5.4 µin/in-°F"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The sheet says the rate is virtually constant up to about 565 °C (printed as 1050°F (565°C)). The imperial value 5.4 is the same quantity in µin/in-°F.",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, 77-842°F (25-450°C): 5.4 (9.8)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C, annealed (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 10.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 100 °C",
        "temper": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion in Annealed Condition (µm/m-°C), temperature range 20-100 °C: 10.3",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 400 °C, annealed (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 10.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 400 °C",
        "temper": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion in Annealed Condition (µm/m-°C), temperature range 20-400 °C: 10.1",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 500 °C, annealed (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 9.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 500 °C",
        "temper": "annealed"
      },
      "method": "Mean value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion in Annealed Condition (µm/m-°C), temperature range 20-500 °C: 9.9",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 43,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microhm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "68°F (20°C)",
        "unit_in_source": "258 ohm-cir-mil/ft"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity, At 68°F (20°C): 258(43)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at room temperature (Hamilton Precision Metals)",
      "value": 43,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Microhm·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (R.T., as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a metals supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpm-ni52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity @ R.T. 43 Microhm·cm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052), Hamilton Precision Metals product page",
        "id": "HPM Ni 52 • UNS N14052",
        "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 20 °C (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 43,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Nominal Physical, Electrical & Mechanical Properties (at room temperature), Electrical Resistivity at 20 °C (µΩ-cm): 43",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature (Hamilton Precision Metals)",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "room temperature (R.T., as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a metals supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Conflicts with 140 W/m·K printed by Ulbrich for the metric column. This value agrees with the Ulbrich imperial figure of 97 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F, which converts to about this magnitude. The record does not resolve the conflict.",
      "source": "hpm-ni52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity @ R.T. 14.0 W/m·K",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052), Hamilton Precision Metals product page",
        "id": "HPM Ni 52 • UNS N14052",
        "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 20 to 100 °C (Ulbrich, metric column)",
      "value": 140,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m·K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "68-212°F (20-100°C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Conflicts with 14.0 W/m·K from Hamilton Precision Metals. It is the metric column of the same row that prints 97 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F, so it may be a misprint; this record keeps both as printed.",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F (W/m·K), 68-212°F (20-100°C): 97(140)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 20 to 100 °C (Ulbrich, imperial column)",
      "value": 97,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "68-212°F (20-100°C)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed beside the metric value of 140 W/m·K in the same row.",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity: BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F (W/m·K), 68-212°F (20-100°C): 97(140)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "label": "Curie temperature",
      "value": 510,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "qualifier": "printed as approximate"
      },
      "method": "Approximate value printed on a metals supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hpm-ni52",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Curie Temperature 510°C Approx",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052), Hamilton Precision Metals product page",
        "id": "HPM Ni 52 • UNS N14052",
        "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, annealed typical (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 536,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed (typical, nominal)",
        "unit_in_source": "78 KSI nom"
      },
      "method": "Nominal typical value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed Typical, Ultimate Tensile Strength: 78 KSI nom (536 MPa nom)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, nominal (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 540,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "not stated",
        "temperature": "room temperature (as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from the Ulbrich annealed typical value of 536 MPa; the JLC page does not state the temper.",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Nominal Physical, Electrical & Mechanical Properties (at room temperature), Tensile Strength (N/mm²): 540",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, annealed typical (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed (typical, nominal)",
        "unit_in_source": "35 KSI nom"
      },
      "method": "Nominal typical value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed Typical, Yield Strength: 35 KSI nom (240 MPa nom)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, annealed typical (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed (typical, nominal)",
        "gauge_length": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Nominal typical value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed Typical: Elongation: 30% nom",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation (JLC Electromet)",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "gauge_length": "100 mm (L0=100 mm as printed)",
        "temperature": "room temperature (as printed)"
      },
      "method": "Nominal value printed in a metals supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "jlc-52",
      "where": "Nominal Physical, Electrical & Mechanical Properties, Elongation (% at L0=100 mm): 30",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
        "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
        "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, annealed typical (Ulbrich)",
      "value": 73,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Rb",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed (typical, nominal)",
        "scale": "Rb as printed"
      },
      "method": "Nominal typical value printed in a wire supplier datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Annealed Typical, Hardness: Rb 73 nom",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
        "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
        "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Not stated in the sources read",
      "headline": "No corrosion or oxidation test result was found for Alloy 52 in the sources we read.",
      "effect": "The Ulbrich datasheet's corrosion entry says only to refer to NACE for recommendations. No environment, exposure time or rate is given, so no corrosion rating is recorded.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "datasheet entry only; no test",
        "exposure": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Additional Properties, Corrosion Resistance"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem reports, from aggregated ECHA notifications for nickel (CID 935), signal word Danger, with hazard statements H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H334 (may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled), H341 (suspected of causing genetic defects), H350 (may cause cancer), H351 (suspected of causing cancer), H360F (may damage fertility), H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure) and H412 (harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects).",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H341",
          "H350",
          "H351",
          "H360F",
          "H372",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ni",
        "where": "GHS Classification, aggregated ECHA entry for nickel (CID 935)"
      },
      {
        "text": "These are the classifications for nickel, a main constituent of Alloy 52, not for the alloy itself. No safety data sheet for Alloy 52 wire was found in this run.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ni",
        "where": "GHS Classification (scope note by Space Mushroom)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of magnetic attraction when heated past the Curie temperature",
        "trigger": "Heating above about 510 °C",
        "consequence": "The Hamilton Precision Metals page gives a Curie temperature of 510°C approx and lists magnetic attraction as yes. The source gives no consequence data for seals or reed switches.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "hpm-ni52",
        "where": "Physical Properties, Curie Temperature; Magnetic Attraction row"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Ulbrich states that Alloy 52 is non hardenable by heat treatment.",
        "source": "ulbrich-52",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ulbrich refers readers to the Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA) guide, Welding of Stainless Steels and Other Joining Methods, for welding.",
        "source": "ulbrich-52",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ulbrich states that all data in its document are typical values only and not recommended for specification, design or engineering purposes.",
        "source": "ulbrich-52",
        "where": "Limitation of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Magnetic reed switches",
      "example": "Ulbrich lists magnetic reed switches among the applications of Alloy 52 wire.",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Glass-to-metal seals that need controlled linear expansion",
      "example": "Ulbrich says the alloy was developed for glass-to-metal seals for some of the soft glasses and ceramics, and that its rate of thermal expansion is virtually constant to a temperature of about 1050°F (565°C).",
      "source": "ulbrich-52",
      "where": "Alloy 52 Description and Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Seal to Elan 13 glass and stainless steel housing",
      "example": "Elan Technology states that No. 52 alloy is an ideal candidate for Elan 13; its page gives no thermal expansion value for the matched glass.",
      "source": "elan-52",
      "where": "Glass recommendations summary"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (nickel printed on the list)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption in 2025. Most secondary nickel was in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction; titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom: 2,600,000, 270,000 and 200,000 t); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Iron",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 37.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 11.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (iron and iron ore not listed)",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "Not found in the iron ore chapter read for this profile; iron and steel scrap is covered in a separate USGS chapter that was not opened.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore",
      "where": "World Mine Production table, usable ore, 2025e (world total 2,600,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from 980,000, 420,000 and 310,000 thousand t)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Ulbrich wire datasheet (revision 6.1.2015)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052) product page, Hamilton Precision Metals",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloy 52 controlled-expansion alloy page, JLC Electromet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloy 52 (CFW 100004) datasheet, California Fine Wire",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://calfinewire.com/datasheets/100004-alloy52"
    },
    {
      "title": "IMPHY N52 product page, Aperam",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.aperam.com/product/imphy-n52/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No corrosion, oxidation or ageing test result for Alloy 52 was found. The Ulbrich sheet refers to NACE only, and the ASM Alloy Digest entry is behind a paywall.",
    "No NASA, ESA or flight result for Alloy 52 was found. The uses listed are terrestrial.",
    "Young's modulus is printed by Hamilton Precision Metals as 24 X 106 PSI, with the exponent set as a superscript, so it is left out. No metric modulus was found.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion values printed with a power of ten (Hamilton Precision Metals 10.0 X 10-6 /°C; California Fine Wire 9.8 x 10-6 in/in ºC) are left out.",
    "Thermal conductivity conflicts (14.0 and 140 W/m·K, and 97 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F) are recorded as printed and not resolved. The California Fine Wire value of 0.132000 W/cm/ºC is left out because it is in a unit this profile does not use.",
    "Nickel content conflicts: Ulbrich and Hamilton print 50.5 nominal, JLC prints 52, Elan prints 52 %, California Fine Wire prints 50.0000 %, and Aperam prints Fe Ni52 as the nominal grade. The profile uses the Ulbrich nominal.",
    "DIN 1.3923 is printed under the norms of IMPHY N52 on the Aperam page, but the page does not say it is the same grade, so it is not recorded as a designation.",
    "No safety data sheet for Alloy 52 wire was found. The hazard entries are for nickel, from PubChem.",
    "The California Fine Wire datasheet (100004) was blocked to automated checks, so its density and melting point could not be re-checked and are not recorded. Its nominal composition is printed as 50.0000 % nickel, which conflicts with the other sources.",
    "Specific heat (0.115 cal/g in the California Fine Wire sheet), temperature coefficient of resistance and Poisson's ratio each appear in one source and were not recorded.",
    "The JLC Electromet page could not be fetched by the automated check (the stored copy is a short error page), so its six values were read in a live fetch but are not machine-checked.",
    "Iron recycling is not stated in the iron ore chapter. Supply shares are calculated from production tables and are not printed by USGS.",
    "The ASTM F30 standard text was not opened; F30 is recorded only as the designation printed on the Ulbrich and JLC pages."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Alloy 52 is an iron-nickel alloy designed to seal to glass. Ulbrich says it was developed for glass-to-metal seals for some soft glasses and ceramics, and that its rate of thermal expansion is virtually constant to a temperature of about 1050°F (565°C). Its mean thermal expansion is 9.8 µm/m-°C over 25 to 450 °C in the Ulbrich datasheet. The nickel content is not agreed. Ulbrich and Hamilton Precision Metals print 50.5 %, while JLC Electromet and Elan Technology print 52 % (the Elan page writes \"52% Nickel, Balance Iron\"). The Ulbrich sheet gives the density as 8.30 g/cm3. The California Fine Wire datasheet gives another density, but its page could not be re-checked from the stored copy, so that figure is not recorded.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Magnetic reed switches",
        "line": "Ulbrich lists magnetic reed switches among the applications of Alloy 52 wire. The same list names glass-to-metal seals that need controlled linear expansion."
      },
      {
        "where": "Glass-to-metal seals",
        "line": "Ulbrich says the alloy was developed for glass-to-metal seals for some soft glasses and ceramics. Elan Technology calls No. 52 alloy \"an ideal candidate for Elan 13\" and gives no expansion value for that glass."
      },
      {
        "where": "Spacecraft use",
        "line": "No NASA, ESA or flight source for Alloy 52 was found. The uses above are terrestrial electronics and component applications."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Seal to soft glass",
        "line": "Ulbrich describes the alloy as developed for glass-to-metal seals for some soft glasses and ceramics.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hold a steady expansion",
        "line": "Ulbrich says the rate of thermal expansion is virtually constant up to a temperature of about 1050°F (565°C).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry a magnetic function",
        "line": "Hamilton Precision Metals lists a Curie temperature of 510°C approx and magnetic attraction as yes.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Come in many forms",
        "line": "Ulbrich lists shaped, flat, square, round and fine wire, plated or bare.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Alloy 52 is chosen for matching expansion to glass, not for conductivity or strength. Its thermal conductivity is printed in the sources at widely different values (14.0 W/m·K in one datasheet and 140 W/m·K in another), so no ranking against copper or aluminium is made here. The table compares density, melting point and expansion with other profiles on the site only in the same units and conditions.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting point",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the temper, since the sources give annealed typical values and cold rolling changes strength.",
      "Do not expect heat treatment to harden the alloy; Ulbrich says it is non hardenable.",
      "No safety data sheet for the alloy was found, so check the supplier's sheet before machining or dusting."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Glass-to-metal seals: Ulbrich says the alloy was developed for soft glass and ceramic seals.",
      "Magnetic reed switches: Ulbrich lists this as an application."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Conflicting figures: nickel is 50.5 nom in Ulbrich but 52 in JLC Electromet, and thermal conductivity differs by a factor of ten between sources.",
      "No corrosion, oxidation or ageing data were found. Ulbrich refers readers to NACE only.",
      "No flight or space test result was found for this alloy."
    ],
    "verdict": "Alloy 52 is a glass-matching iron-nickel alloy with a documented expansion curve and a few terrestrial uses. Corrosion behaviour is unverified, and the sources disagree on nickel content and conductivity, so the figures need checking before design use.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Alloy 52 is a binary iron-nickel alloy. Ulbrich prints \"Nickel: 50.5 nom\" with \"Iron: Balance\" and small amounts of other elements, all as maximum limits. The sources do not describe the melting or rolling route beyond Ulbrich's note that the alloy can be cold rolled to a required temper.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Main alloying element, set to give the controlled thermal expansion for glass seals. Ulbrich prints \"Nickel: 50.5 nom\", Hamilton Precision Metals prints \"Nickel 50.5%\", and JLC prints \"Ni: 52\".",
          "share_percent": 50.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Balance of the alloy, as printed by Ulbrich (\"Iron: Balance\")."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Minor element. Ulbrich lists only a maximum limit for it, with no nominal value."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Minor element. Ulbrich lists only a maximum limit for it, with no nominal value."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "No safety data sheet for Alloy 52 was found. The hazard classifications available are for nickel, a main constituent.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel in the alloy",
            "line": "PubChem's aggregated classification for nickel gives the signal word Danger and includes H317 and H372, among other statements. These describe nickel as a substance, not the alloy."
          },
          {
            "label": "Wire and powder",
            "line": "Ulbrich offers wire in several forms, including fine wire. Fine wire and dust from machining should be handled as nickel-containing material, since no alloy-specific data were found."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Nickel classified; alloy not tested"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The sources give little on failure. The one failure route recorded is a magnetic one.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heating past the Curie temperature",
            "line": "Hamilton Precision Metals gives a Curie temperature of 510°C approx and lists magnetic attraction as yes. Above that temperature the alloy loses its magnetic attraction, and the source gives no consequence data for reed switches."
          },
          {
            "label": "Corrosion",
            "line": "Ulbrich's corrosion entry refers readers to NACE and gives no data. Service in corrosive environments is therefore unverified."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Temper",
            "line": "Ulbrich says Alloy 52 can be cold rolled to produce the temper a customer requires, and that it cannot be hardened by heat treatment."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Ulbrich refers readers to the SSINA guide on welding stainless steels and other joining methods."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 20,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry (Ulbrich and USGS PDFs extracted with pdftotext). verify-values: 14 of 20 values matched their source text, 0 not found; the JLC Electromet page could not be fetched by the automated check, so its six values were checked by live read only. Unreachable: the suppliersonline Alloy 52 page (HTTP 503), the ASM Alloy Digest (paywalled), and the California Fine Wire datasheet (blocked to automated checks; no values recorded from it). Caveats: values conflict between sources (thermal conductivity, nickel content); all supplier values are typical or nominal; no corrosion data; the supply shares are calculated."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ulbrich-52": {
      "title": "Alloy 52, UNS N14052, Shaped, Flat, Square, Round, Fine Wire (Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals, Inc.)",
      "id": "Copyright January 2014, revision 6.1.2015",
      "url": "https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Alloy-52-Wire-UNS-N14052.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "hpm-ni52": {
      "title": "HPM Ni 52 (UNS N14052), Hamilton Precision Metals product page",
      "id": "HPM Ni 52 • UNS N14052",
      "url": "https://www.hpmetals.com/products/materials/nickel-strip-foil/hpm-ni-52",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "jlc-52": {
      "title": "Controlled Expansion Glass Sealing Alloys, JLC Electromet",
      "id": "Werkstoff Nr 2.4478; UNS N14052; ASTM F30",
      "url": "https://www.jlcelectromet.com/controlled-expansion-glass-sealing-alloys.html",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "calfine-52": {
      "title": "Alloy 52 datasheet 100004, California Fine Wire Company",
      "id": "CFW datasheet 100004",
      "url": "https://calfinewire.com/datasheets/100004-alloy52",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "elan-52": {
      "title": "Glass Recommendations for No. 52 Alloy, Elan Technology",
      "id": "ASTMF-30 (designation as printed)",
      "url": "https://www.elantechnology.com/?p=227",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "aperam-n52": {
      "title": "IMPHY N52, Aperam product page",
      "id": "Norms: 1.3923, 2.4478, UNS N14052, DIN 17745, ASTM F30",
      "url": "https://www.aperam.com/product/imphy-n52/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-iron-ore": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron Ore",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-ore.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-critical-2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, November 2025",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-ni": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification (aggregated ECHA data)",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/alloy-52/"
}