{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "aeroglaze-a276",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyurethanes",
  "name": "Aeroglaze A276 white polyurethane paint",
  "abbreviation": "A276",
  "role": "gloss white moisture-curing polyurethane topcoat for spacecraft thermal control",
  "category": "coatings",
  "type": "white-paints",
  "summary": "AEROGLAZE A276 is a gloss white, moisture-curing polyurethane topcoat. The Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet, distributed by Silmid, prints a solar absorptivity of 0.23 and a normal emissivity of 0.91, with a total mass loss (TML) of 0.99 % and a collected volatile condensable material (CVCM) of 0.08 %, the last two under a modified cure or bake-out schedule. Acktar's thermal control page prints a different solar absorptance of 0.170 and thermal emittance of 0.880 for A276, with no test conditions. On the LDEF leading edge, atomic oxygen eroded the A276 polyurethane binder completely, yet the NASA paper says its diffuse reflectance was relatively unchanged.\n",
  "best_for": "White thermal-control surfaces that need a gloss white finish, with the solar absorptivity of 0.23 and normal emissivity of 0.91 printed in the Socomore leaflet",
  "weakest_at": "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit: on the LDEF leading edge the A276 polyurethane binder eroded completely (NASA A0034 interim results), and the S0069 report says silicone overcoats allowed solar UV damage",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Moisture-curing polyurethane coating with titanium dioxide pigment (Acktar Table 1 prints 'Polyurethane with TiO2 pigment')",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "source": "silmid-leaflet",
        "where": "TOPCOATS table, column heading AEROGLAZE A276"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Aeroglaze 276 White Gloss",
        "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
        "where": "Table 1 (Summary of properties of selected white thermal control paints), row 8, Material Designation column"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "A276",
        "source": "nasa-ldef-s0069",
        "where": "Section heading 'A276 White Specular Polyurethane Paint'"
      }
    ],
    "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
    "where": "Table 1, row 8: Chemical Composition 'Polyurethane with TiO2 pigment'; Manufacturer 'Lord Corp., USA'"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [
      "low-earth-orbit"
    ],
    "stresses": [
      "atomic-oxygen",
      "vacuum-and-outgassing"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "solar_absorptance",
      "label": "Solar absorptivity, AEROGLAZE A276 (manufacturer leaflet)",
      "value": 0.23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276, gloss white topcoat",
        "basis": "dimensionless; the leaflet does not print the test method or film thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer leaflet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "silmid-leaflet",
      "where": "TOPCOATS table, Solar Absorptivity row, AEROGLAZE A276 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Space and optical coatings, Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet (English), distributed by Silmid",
        "id": "Silmid space-coatings leaflet, TOPCOATS table (AEROGLAZE A276)",
        "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer leaflet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "normal_emittance",
      "label": "Normal emissivity, AEROGLAZE A276 (manufacturer leaflet)",
      "value": 0.91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276, gloss white topcoat",
        "basis": "dimensionless; the leaflet does not print the test method or film thickness"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed on the manufacturer leaflet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "silmid-leaflet",
      "where": "TOPCOATS table, Normal Emissivity row, AEROGLAZE A276 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Space and optical coatings, Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet (English), distributed by Silmid",
        "id": "Silmid space-coatings leaflet, TOPCOATS table (AEROGLAZE A276)",
        "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer leaflet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "total_mass_loss",
      "label": "Total mass loss (TML), AEROGLAZE A276",
      "value": 0.99,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "obtained by a modified cure and/or bake-out schedule, as the leaflet footnote states"
      },
      "method": "Printed on the manufacturer leaflet; the footnote says the values come from a modified cure and/or bake-out schedule",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "silmid-leaflet",
      "where": "TOPCOATS table, TML (%) row, and footnote marked *",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Space and optical coatings, Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet (English), distributed by Silmid",
        "id": "Silmid space-coatings leaflet, TOPCOATS table (AEROGLAZE A276)",
        "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer leaflet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cvcm",
      "label": "Collected volatile condensable material (CVCM), AEROGLAZE A276",
      "value": 0.08,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "obtained by a modified cure and/or bake-out schedule, as the leaflet footnote states"
      },
      "method": "Printed on the manufacturer leaflet; the same footnote applies",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "silmid-leaflet",
      "where": "TOPCOATS table, CVCM (%) row, and footnote marked *",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Space and optical coatings, Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet (English), distributed by Silmid",
        "id": "Silmid space-coatings leaflet, TOPCOATS table (AEROGLAZE A276)",
        "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer leaflet, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "solar_absorptance",
      "label": "Solar absorptance, Aeroglaze 276 (Acktar summary table)",
      "value": 0.17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Aeroglaze 276 White Gloss",
        "basis": "no test conditions are printed on the page for this value"
      },
      "method": "Summary table of optical properties for Russian and USA thermal control materials; method not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
      "where": "Table 6, row A276, solar absorptance (alpha) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
        "id": "Acktar thermal control coatings page, Table 1 row 8, Table 3 row A276, Table 6 row A276, Section 3.5",
        "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_emittance",
      "label": "Thermal emittance, Aeroglaze 276 (Acktar summary table)",
      "value": 0.88,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "Aeroglaze 276 White Gloss",
        "basis": "no test conditions are printed on the page for this value"
      },
      "method": "Summary table of optical properties for Russian and USA thermal control materials; method not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
      "where": "Table 6, row A276, thermal emittance (epsilon) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
        "id": "Acktar thermal control coatings page, Table 1 row 8, Table 3 row A276, Table 6 row A276, Section 3.5",
        "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_erosion",
      "label": "Atomic oxygen erosion result, A276 (Acktar Table 3)",
      "value": -243.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μg/cm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "A276 (Table 3 row name)",
        "basis": "atomic-oxygen beam test in two stages; the total fluence is printed in the table title in exponent form and is not copied here"
      },
      "method": "Erosion result as printed in the table; the page gives mass before and after for the same row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
      "where": "Table 3 (FAO erosion mass change data), row A276, Erosion results column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
        "id": "Acktar thermal control coatings page, Table 1 row 8, Table 3 row A276, Table 6 row A276, Section 3.5",
        "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "atomic_oxygen_mass_change",
      "label": "Mass change under atomic oxygen, A276 (Acktar Table 3)",
      "value": -1.69,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mg",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "A276 (Table 3 row name)",
        "basis": "atomic-oxygen beam test in two stages; the total fluence is printed in the table title in exponent form and is not copied here"
      },
      "method": "Mass change as printed in the table; mass before and after are 0.19004 g and 0.18835 g on the same row",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
      "where": "Table 3 (FAO erosion mass change data), row A276, Mass change (mg) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
        "id": "Acktar thermal control coatings page, Table 1 row 8, Table 3 row A276, Table 6 row A276, Section 3.5",
        "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "solids_content",
      "label": "Solids content, AEROGLAZE A276 (Modus Advanced article)",
      "value": 54,
      "value_high": 58,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "% by weight",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "range as the article prints it"
      },
      "method": "Product property printed in a competitor's blog post; no test method printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "modus-a276-blog",
      "where": "Property list, row Solids content",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Modus Advanced, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating blog post (competitor article)",
        "id": "Modus Advanced blog, property list for Aeroglaze A276 and adhesion text",
        "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "competitor marketing article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dry_film_thickness",
      "label": "Optimal dry film thickness, AEROGLAZE A276 (Modus Advanced article)",
      "value": 1.5,
      "value_high": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "mils",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "optimal dry film thickness range as the article prints it"
      },
      "method": "Product property printed in a competitor's blog post; no test method printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "modus-a276-blog",
      "where": "Property list, row Optimal dry film thickness",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Modus Advanced, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating blog post (competitor article)",
        "id": "Modus Advanced blog, property list for Aeroglaze A276 and adhesion text",
        "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "competitor marketing article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "voc_content",
      "label": "VOC content, AEROGLAZE A276 (Modus Advanced article)",
      "value": 503,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/L",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "as the article prints it"
      },
      "method": "Product property printed in a competitor's blog post; no test method printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "modus-a276-blog",
      "where": "Property list, row VOC content",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Modus Advanced, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating blog post (competitor article)",
        "id": "Modus Advanced blog, property list for Aeroglaze A276 and adhesion text",
        "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "competitor marketing article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cure_time",
      "label": "Curing time for ultimate properties, AEROGLAZE A276 (Modus Advanced article)",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "days",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "AEROGLAZE A276",
        "basis": "time to reach ultimate properties, as the article prints it"
      },
      "method": "Product property printed in a competitor's blog post; no cure temperature printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "modus-a276-blog",
      "where": "Property list, row Curing time for ultimate properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Modus Advanced, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating blog post (competitor article)",
        "id": "Modus Advanced blog, property list for Aeroglaze A276 and adhesion text",
        "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "competitor marketing article, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit, LDEF leading edge",
      "headline": "On the LDEF leading edge, atomic oxygen eroded the A276 polyurethane binder completely, and diffuse reflectance stayed relatively unchanged.",
      "effect": "The NASA A0034 interim results say the A276 white coating exposed to atomic oxygen was relatively unchanged in diffuse reflectance despite complete erosion by atomic oxygen of the polyurethane binder.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "platform": "LDEF leading edge, low Earth orbit",
        "exposure": "LDEF mission; the exposure duration is not stated in the passage read"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ldef-a0034",
      "where": "Results paragraph beginning 'The A276 white coating exposed to atomic oxygen'"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Solar UV and atomic oxygen, A276 with silicone overcoats",
      "headline": "Silicone overcoats stopped material loss on A276 but let solar UV damage the coating.",
      "effect": "The S0069 report says the RTV670 and OI650 silicone overcoats over A276 prevented material loss but allowed, presumably, solar UV damage of the A276 coating, and the silicone layer cracked from atomic-oxygen glassification.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "LDEF results for overcoated A276 specimens, as reported in the S0069 paper"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ldef-s0069",
      "where": "Section 'RTV670 and OI650 Silicone Overcoats on A276'"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Solar UV under a severely contaminated window",
      "headline": "A276 under a severely contaminated window showed severe degradation from solar UV.",
      "effect": "The NASA A0034 paper says severe degradation of the A276 coating exposed under a severely contaminated window confirms the relatively minimal level of solar UV radiation required for darkening of this coating.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "LDEF specimen under a severely contaminated window; no darkening rate was given in the passage read"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ldef-a0034",
      "where": "Results paragraph after the diffuse reflectance statement"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Black-light illumination after LDEF exposure",
      "headline": "After LDEF exposure, A276 showed both stimulated and quenched fluorescence under black light.",
      "effect": "The NASA A0034 paper says the polyurethane-based paints A276 and Z306 showed both stimulated and quenched fluorescence as a result of space exposure, unlike the zinc oxide pigmented coatings.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "visual black-light observation in the paper; no fluorescence intensity was given"
      },
      "source": "nasa-ldef-a0034",
      "where": "Results paragraph on black-light illumination"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Moisture, hydrolysis of polyurethane in general",
      "headline": "Polyurethanes in general may degrade by hydrolysis; no moisture-ageing test of A276 was read.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia states that polyurethanes may degrade due to hydrolysis. No A276 humidity or moisture-ageing result was found in any source read for this profile.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement about polyurethanes; not an A276 test"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-polyurethane",
      "where": "Degradation and environmental fate, Hydrolysis and biodegradation"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS entry for titanium dioxide, the pigment named for A276 in the Acktar table, gives the hazard statement 'Suspected of causing cancer' with the signal word Warning. The ECHA classification listed on the same page is Not Classified. This is the pure pigment, not the formulated paint.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-tio2",
        "where": "GHS Classification section"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem's NIOSH excerpt for titanium dioxide lists inhalation as the exposure route, lung fibrosis as a symptom, and a potential occupational carcinogen.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-tio2",
        "where": "13.1.4 Health Hazards, NIOSH Pocket Guide excerpt"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wikipedia states that isocyanates used to produce polyurethane polymers are known skin and respiratory sensitizers, according to OSHA. No source read prints whether AEROGLAZE A276 contains an isocyanate.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "wikipedia-polyurethane",
        "where": "Health and safety section"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Atomic oxygen erosion of the polyurethane binder",
        "trigger": "Unprotected exposure on the LDEF leading edge in low Earth orbit",
        "consequence": "The binder eroded completely, while the diffuse reflectance stayed relatively unchanged, per the NASA A0034 interim results.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nasa-ldef-a0034",
        "where": "Results paragraph beginning 'The A276 white coating exposed to atomic oxygen'"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Solar UV darkening of the A276 coating",
        "trigger": "LDEF specimen under a severely contaminated window",
        "consequence": "Severe degradation of the A276 coating, per the NASA A0034 paper.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-ldef-a0034",
        "where": "Results paragraph after the diffuse reflectance statement"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Solar UV damage under a silicone overcoat",
        "trigger": "Silicone overcoats (RTV670 and OI650) used to protect A276 on LDEF",
        "consequence": "The overcoat prevented material loss but allowed, presumably, solar UV damage of the A276 coating, per the S0069 report.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-ldef-s0069",
        "where": "Section 'RTV670 and OI650 Silicone Overcoats on A276'"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Acktar's table gives no handling step. The Modus Advanced article says that for most substrates a primer should be applied to ensure adhesion, and the technical data sheet is cited as the source of that advice.",
        "source": "modus-a276-blog",
        "where": "Adhesion and application text"
      },
      {
        "text": "No manufacturer technical data sheet or safety data sheet for AEROGLAZE A276 was read in this run. The Socomore and Lord sites were not reached, so cure temperature, pot life and handling steps are not recorded from a primary source.",
        "source": "silmid-leaflet",
        "where": "Leaflet contact block (no data sheet was reachable)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "The S0069 report says silicone overcoats prevented material loss on A276 on LDEF, but they allowed solar UV damage, so an overcoat trades erosion for UV darkening.",
        "source": "nasa-ldef-s0069",
        "where": "Section 'RTV670 and OI650 Silicone Overcoats on A276'"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Spacecraft thermal control topcoat, gloss white",
      "example": "The Socomore leaflet says the AEROGLAZE topcoats listed, which include A276, have withstood the space environment, and it names NASA's Hubble Telescope, the Space Shuttle program and the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) among notable applications.",
      "source": "silmid-leaflet",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph, 'Low outgassing thermal control coating systems'"
    },
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Surfaces evaluated for planetary missions",
      "example": "Acktar's page lists Aeroglaze 276 among white thermal control paints evaluated by ITL for planetary missions, in tests that included vacuum and dust, but prints no A276-specific results for those tests.",
      "source": "acktar-thermal-control",
      "where": "Section 3.5, 'Application of thermal control paints in planetary missions'"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium dioxide pigment (the pigment named for A276 in Acktar Table 1)",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-titanium-2026",
      "where": "Titanium summary, Domestic Production and Use, and Salient Statistics table"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Silmid, Space and optical coatings leaflet (English), Socomore Aeroglaze TOPCOATS table",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Modus Advanced blog, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating (competitor article)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement"
    },
    {
      "title": "Linton and Kamenetzky, Second LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium, Interim Results of Experiment A0034",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930019094/downloads/19930019094.pdf",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "title": "Wilkes, Miller, Mell, LeMaster and Zwiener, The Performance of Thermal Control Coatings on LDEF and Implications to Future Spacecraft",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19940026508/downloads/19940026508.pdf",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound summary, Titanium dioxide, CID 26042",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium-dioxide"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Total atomic-oxygen fluence for the Acktar Table 3 erosion rows: the figure is printed in the table title in exponent form, so it is not copied (rule against exponent values).",
    "Electrical resistivity: the leaflet prints 'non-conductive' for A276, which is not a number, so it is not recorded.",
    "Operating temperature range: the Modus article prints 'Not fully specified', and no other source read gives a range, so none is recorded.",
    "Technical data sheet and safety data sheet: the Socomore, Silmid and Lord pages did not yield a readable datasheet in this run, so cure temperature, pot life, pigment share, density and full handling steps are not recorded from a primary source.",
    "Thermal emittance disagrees between sources: the Socomore leaflet prints normal emissivity 0.91, and Acktar Table 6 prints thermal emittance 0.880 with no conditions; both are recorded side by side and not merged.",
    "Solar absorptivity disagrees between sources: the leaflet and the Modus article agree on 0.23, but Acktar Table 6 prints 0.170; the difference is not explained by any source read.",
    "Who makes A276: Acktar Table 1 says Lord Corp., USA; the S0069 report says Lord Chemical Co.; the Socomore leaflet lists A276 under Socomore; the Modus article names no manufacturer. No source resolves this.",
    "A276 composition: binder chemistry, isocyanate, polyol and TiO2 share are not printed in any source read, so the recipe parts have no shares.",
    "Outgassing from the NASA outgassing database or ASTM E595 for A276 was not read; only the leaflet's TML and CVCM are recorded, with its modified-schedule footnote.",
    "Water vapour regain, humidity ageing and chemical resistance beyond the Modus article's general statement were not found in any source read.",
    "Supply: production or market figures for A276 and its raw materials, and critical-mineral status of titanium dioxide in the list read, were not found in any source read.",
    "Isocyanate content and GHS classification of the formulated A276 paint were not found; the SDS was not reached.",
    "LDEF exposure durations for the A276 specimens were not stated in the passages read.",
    "Property names atomic_oxygen_erosion, atomic_oxygen_mass_change, thermal_emittance, solids_content, dry_film_thickness, voc_content and cure_time are not in spores/property-canon.yaml, so short snake_case names are used for them. The solar_absorptance, normal_emittance, total_mass_loss and cvcm names are also outside the canon list."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AEROGLAZE A276 is a gloss white polyurethane topcoat for spacecraft thermal control. The Socomore leaflet prints a solar absorptivity of 0.23 and a normal emissivity of 0.91 for it, with a TML of 0.99 % and a CVCM of 0.08 %. Acktar's page gives a different solar absorptance of 0.170 and thermal emittance of 0.880 without conditions, so the two sets are kept apart.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Spacecraft thermal control",
        "line": "The Socomore leaflet lists NASA's Hubble Telescope, the Space Shuttle program and the LDEF among notable applications of the AEROGLAZE topcoats, which include A276."
      },
      {
        "where": "Planetary mission test",
        "line": "Acktar lists Aeroglaze 276 among white thermal control paints evaluated by ITL for planetary missions, in tests that included vacuum and dust, without printing A276 results."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Reflect sunlight",
        "line": "The Socomore leaflet prints a solar absorptivity of 0.23 for AEROGLAZE A276. Acktar's summary table prints 0.170 for the same paint with no conditions, so the two are not merged.",
        "benchmark": "solar_absorptance",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.23 solar absorptivity"
      },
      {
        "label": "Radiate heat",
        "line": "The Socomore leaflet prints a normal emissivity of 0.91 for AEROGLAZE A276. Acktar's Table 6 prints a thermal emittance of 0.880, which is a different figure from a different source.",
        "benchmark": "normal_emittance",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.91 normal emissivity"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay low in outgassing",
        "line": "The leaflet prints a TML of 0.99 % and a CVCM of 0.08 % for AEROGLAZE A276, both obtained by a modified cure or bake-out schedule.",
        "benchmark": "total_mass_loss",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.99 % TML and 0.08 % CVCM"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The Socomore leaflet and the Modus article agree on a solar absorptivity of 0.23 for A276, while Acktar Table 6 prints 0.170 with no test conditions, and the leaflet and Acktar's thermal emittance of 0.880 are not the same measure. The black sister topcoat Z306 is in its own profile; it is a different paint, so it is not compared here. Test schedules and film thicknesses differ between sources, so none of these rows is a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Solar absorptance",
        "benchmark": "solar_absorptance",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Normal emittance",
        "benchmark": "normal_emittance",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Total mass loss",
        "benchmark": "total_mass_loss",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Check the current manufacturer's technical data sheet and safety data sheet, since neither was readable in this run.",
      "Treat the leaflet's TML and CVCM as values from a modified cure or bake-out schedule, not as the result for a standard flight cure.",
      "Plan for a primer on most substrates, as the Modus article says the technical data sheet advises.",
      "Plan for isocyanate and pigment hazards in the handling plan until the formulated paint's SDS is checked."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Gloss white thermal-control surfaces: solar absorptivity 0.23 and normal emissivity 0.91 as printed in the Socomore leaflet.",
      "Low-outgassing white coatings: TML of 0.99 % and CVCM of 0.08 % as printed in the leaflet, under a modified bake-out schedule."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Atomic oxygen: on the LDEF leading edge the A276 binder eroded completely, per the NASA A0034 paper.",
      "Solar UV: silicone overcoats stopped material loss on A276 but allowed UV damage, per the S0069 report.",
      "Source conflict: solar absorptance 0.23 in the leaflet versus 0.170 in Acktar Table 6, with no conditions for the second.",
      "No temperature range, cure temperature or A276 humidity result was read, so those operating limits are not recorded."
    ],
    "verdict": "AEROGLAZE A276 is a gloss white polyurethane coating with a solar absorptivity of 0.23 and a normal emissivity of 0.91 in the Socomore leaflet, and TML and CVCM of 0.99 % and 0.08 % under a modified bake-out. Acktar prints different optical values, and LDEF showed the binder eroding under atomic oxygen. Its operating range, cure temperature and any humidity data were not found in any source read.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AEROGLAZE A276 is a moisture-curing polyurethane coating with titanium dioxide pigment, per the Acktar Table 1 entry. Polyurethanes are typically made by reacting a diisocyanate with a polyol, per Wikipedia. The A276 formulation, its isocyanate, its polyol and the pigment share are not printed in any source read.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Polyurethane binder",
          "role": "Moisture-curing polyurethane binder, the film-forming part of the paint; the NASA A0034 paper says the A276 binder eroded completely under atomic oxygen on the LDEF leading edge",
          "share_note": "not printed in any source read"
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium dioxide pigment",
          "role": "White pigment named in Acktar Table 1 as the pigment of Aeroglaze 276 White Gloss",
          "share_note": "not printed in any source read"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PubChem entry for titanium dioxide, the pigment named for A276, carries a suspected-carcinogen statement for the pure pigment, and Wikipedia cites OSHA for isocyanate sensitization in polyurethanes.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Pigment",
            "line": "PubChem lists a GHS hazard statement, 'Suspected of causing cancer', for titanium dioxide, while its ECHA entry is Not Classified."
          },
          {
            "label": "Isocyanates",
            "line": "Wikipedia states that isocyanates used to make polyurethanes are known skin and respiratory sensitizers, according to OSHA. No source read says whether A276 contains one."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Pigment and isocyanate hazard, not measured for A276"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "In orbit, the failure route in these sources is atomic oxygen erosion of the binder, measured on LDEF.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Atomic oxygen",
            "line": "On the LDEF leading edge the A276 binder eroded completely, but the diffuse reflectance stayed relatively unchanged, per the NASA A0034 interim results."
          },
          {
            "label": "Silicone overcoats",
            "line": "The S0069 report says silicone overcoats stopped the material loss but allowed solar UV damage of the A276 coating."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 12,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. The Socomore product pages were not reached and no A276 technical data sheet was found, so the leaflet values are the primary record. Acktar Table 6 disagrees with the leaflet on solar absorptance and emittance, and both are kept. The Modus Advanced figures come from a competitor's marketing article. The LDEF papers give no numbers for A276 in the passages read."
  },
  "sources": {
    "silmid-leaflet": {
      "title": "Space and optical coatings, Socomore Aeroglaze leaflet (English), distributed by Silmid",
      "id": "Silmid space-coatings leaflet, TOPCOATS table (AEROGLAZE A276)",
      "url": "https://www.silmid.com/Documents/Brochures/Space-coatings_leaflet_english.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer leaflet, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "acktar-thermal-control": {
      "title": "Acktar, Thermal control coatings page (Tables 1, 3 and 6)",
      "id": "Acktar thermal control coatings page, Table 1 row 8, Table 3 row A276, Table 6 row A276, Section 3.5",
      "url": "https://acktar.com/thermal-control-coatings/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "modus-a276-blog": {
      "title": "Modus Advanced, Aeroglaze A276 replacement coating blog post (competitor article)",
      "id": "Modus Advanced blog, property list for Aeroglaze A276 and adhesion text",
      "url": "https://www.modusadvanced.com/resources/blog/aeroglaze-a276-polyurethane-white-coating-replacement",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "competitor marketing article, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-ldef-a0034": {
      "title": "Second LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium, Interim Results of Experiment A0034",
      "id": "Linton and Kamenetzky, NASA MSFC, NTRS 19930019094",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930019094/downloads/19930019094.pdf",
      "year": 1993,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "nasa-ldef-s0069": {
      "title": "The Performance of Thermal Control Coatings on LDEF and Implications to Future Spacecraft",
      "id": "Wilkes, Miller, Mell, LeMaster and Zwiener, NASA N94-31013, NTRS 19940026508",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19940026508/downloads/19940026508.pdf",
      "year": 1994,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "pubchem-tio2": {
      "title": "Titanium dioxide, PubChem CID 26042, GHS classification and NIOSH excerpt",
      "id": "PubChem compound summary, CID 26042",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium-dioxide",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem public record"
    },
    "usgs-titanium-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Titanium",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, titanium chapter, Domestic Production and Use, Salient Statistics",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government public domain"
    },
    "wikipedia-polyurethane": {
      "title": "Polyurethane, Wikipedia",
      "id": "Polyurethane article, Lead, Health and safety, Degradation and environmental fate",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aeroglaze-a276/"
}