{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "a286",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "iron-superalloys",
  "name": "A-286 iron-based superalloy (UNS S66286, Grade 660)",
  "abbreviation": "UNS S66286",
  "role": "age-hardenable iron-nickel-chromium superalloy for fasteners, springs and jet engine hardware",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "nickel-superalloys",
  "summary": "A-286 (UNS S66286, also Grade 660 and W. Nr. 1.4980) is an age-hardenable iron-nickel-chromium superalloy. ATI gives its density as 7.92 g/cm3 solution treated and 7.94 g/cm3 solution treated and aged, with a melting range of 1370 to 1430 °C. Rolled Alloys gives a minimum yield strength of 85 ksi and a minimum tensile strength of 130 ksi for ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B, and a 1000 h stress-rupture strength of 46 ksi at 649 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "Non-magnetic, high-strength fasteners, springs and jet engine parts that run from cryogenic temperature to about 700 °C (ATI and Rolled Alloys)",
  "weakest_at": "Hot strength above about 650 °C: the 1000 h stress-rupture strength is 46 ksi at 649 °C (Rolled Alloys), and ATI says creep and stress rupture are the limiting design criteria at elevated temperature",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron-nickel-chromium austenitic superalloy, age hardenable. Limiting composition (wt%, Upmet table): Fe balance, Ni 24.0 to 27.0, Cr 13.5 to 16.0, Mo 1.00 to 1.50, Ti 1.90 to 2.35, V 0.10 to 0.50, Al 0.35 max, B 0.003 to 0.010, C 0.08 max, Mn 2.00 max, Si 1.00 max, P 0.025 max, S 0.025 max. ATI typical analysis (wt%): C 0.04, Mn 0.20, P 0.015, S 0.002, Si 0.20, Cr 14.5, Ni 25.0, Mo 1.25, Ti 2.10, V 0.30, Al 0.15, B 0.006, Fe balance.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S66286",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Title block, page 1 (ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286))"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.4980",
        "source": "rolled-a286",
        "where": "Specifications table, row UNS S66286 and W. Nr./EN 1.4980"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A453",
        "note": "bolting, Grade 660 Class A and Class B",
        "source": "rolled-a286",
        "where": "Specifications table, row ASTM A 453 Grade 660 Class B"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A638",
        "note": "forgings, forging stock and bar",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, ASTM A638"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-638",
        "note": "forgings, forging stock and bar",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, ASME SA-638"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5525",
        "note": "sheet, strip and plate",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, AMS 5525"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5731",
        "note": "bar, forgings, tubing and rings",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, AMS 5731"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5732",
        "note": "bar, forgings, tubing and rings",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, AMS 5732"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5858",
        "note": "sheet, strip and plate, restricted analysis designed for welding",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Specifications list, AMS 5858, and the Welding and Brazing section"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "ATI A286",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Title block, page 1"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ati-a286",
    "where": "Page 2, Composition (Typical) table; limiting ranges from the Upmet A286 Chemical Composition table; UNS S66286 from the ATI title block"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-cold"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, solution treated",
      "value": 7.92,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.286 lb/in3",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Density, Solution Treated",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, solution treated and aged",
      "value": 7.94,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated and aged",
        "unit_in_source": "0.287 lb/in3",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Density, Solution Treated and Aged",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting range",
      "value": 1370,
      "value_high": 1430,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "2500-2600 °F"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Melting Range",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat",
      "value": 420,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg-°K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the datasheet",
        "unit_in_source": "0.10 Btu/lb-°F"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Specific Heat",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetic_permeability",
      "label": "Magnetic permeability, solution treated",
      "value": 1.01,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Magnetic Permeability, Solution Treated",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "magnetic_permeability",
      "label": "Magnetic permeability, solution treated and aged",
      "value": 1.007,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated and aged"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Physical Properties, row Magnetic Permeability, Solution Treated and Aged",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at 25 °C",
      "value": 91,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "microhm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C (77 °F)",
        "treatment": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Electrical Resistivity table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Electrical Resistivity table, row 77 °F / 25 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 150 °C",
      "value": 15.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "150 °C (302 °F)",
        "treatment": "not stated in the datasheet",
        "unit_in_source": "8.7 Btu-ft/ft2-h-°F"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Thermal Conductivity table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Thermal Conductivity table, row 302 °F / 150 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 600 °C",
      "value": 23.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "600 °C (1112 °F)",
        "treatment": "not stated in the datasheet",
        "unit_in_source": "13.8 Btu-ft/ft2-h-°F"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the ATI datasheet, Thermal Conductivity table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Thermal Conductivity table, row 1112 °F / 600 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 316 °C",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "21 to 316 °C (70 to 600 °F)",
        "treatment": "solution treated and aged (the datasheet heading for the CTE test)",
        "unit_in_source": "9.47 10^-6/°F"
      },
      "method": "Linear CTE test printed in the ATI datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, row 21-316 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 to 760 °C",
      "value": 18.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "21 to 760 °C (70 to 1400 °F)",
        "treatment": "solution treated and aged (the datasheet heading for the CTE test)",
        "unit_in_source": "10.32 10^-6/°F"
      },
      "method": "Linear CTE test printed in the ATI datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, row 21-760 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity (dynamic) at 24 °C",
      "value": 201,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (75 °F)",
        "method_in_source": "dynamic",
        "unit_in_source": "29.1 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic modulus printed in the ATI datasheet, Elastic Modulus table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Elastic Modulus table, row 75 °F / 24 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity (dynamic) at 871 °C",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "871 °C (1600 °F)",
        "method_in_source": "dynamic",
        "unit_in_source": "18.9 x 10^6 psi"
      },
      "method": "Dynamic modulus printed in the ATI datasheet, Elastic Modulus table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 4, Elastic Modulus table, row 1600 °F / 871 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, room temperature, solution treated at 1800 °F",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated at 1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "40,000 psi"
      },
      "method": "Typical room temperature tensile value printed in the ATI datasheet; the chart on the same page is an image and was not read",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smith Metal gives 720 N/mm2 for solution annealed material (see its row below). The two sources are not reconciled here.",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 5, Mechanical Properties, typical room temperature tensile properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, room temperature, solution treated at 1800 °F",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated at 1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "90,000 psi"
      },
      "method": "Typical room temperature tensile value printed in the ATI datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smith Metal gives 1000 N/mm2 for solution annealed material (see its row below).",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 5, Mechanical Properties, typical room temperature tensile properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, room temperature, solution treated at 1800 °F",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution treated at 1800 °F (982 °C)",
        "temperature": "room temperature"
      },
      "method": "Typical room temperature tensile value printed in the ATI datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 5, Mechanical Properties, typical room temperature tensile properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum, ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B",
      "value": 85,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "standard": "ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B",
        "heat_treatment": "anneal 1800 °F, age 1300 to 1400 °F for 16 hours",
        "product": "bar and sheet to AMS 5732 (as printed in the table)"
      },
      "method": "Specification minimum printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Specifications table, row Grade 660 Class B, Yield Strength Min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, minimum, ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "standard": "ASTM A453 Grade 660 Class B",
        "heat_treatment": "anneal 1800 °F, age 1300 to 1400 °F for 16 hours"
      },
      "method": "Specification minimum printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Specifications table, row Grade 660 Class B, Tensile Strength Min",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, sheet to AMS 5732, aged, 70 °F",
      "value": 145,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet, AMS 5732",
        "heat_treatment": "1800 °F solution treat, 1325 °F age",
        "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, second 70 column (aged)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, sheet to AMS 5732, aged, 1400 °F",
      "value": 64,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product_form": "sheet, AMS 5732",
        "heat_treatment": "1800 °F solution treat, 1325 °F age",
        "temperature": "1400 °F (760 °C)"
      },
      "method": "Representative value printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Ultimate Tensile Strength, 1400 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
      "label": "Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 538 °C",
      "value": 88,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1000 °F (538 °C)",
        "duration": "1,000 hours",
        "heat_treatment": "AMS 5732, 1800 °F / 1325 °F"
      },
      "method": "Typical stress-rupture value printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1000 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
      "label": "Stress-rupture strength for 1000 h at 649 °C",
      "value": 46,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "1200 °F (649 °C)",
        "duration": "1,000 hours",
        "heat_treatment": "AMS 5732, 1800 °F / 1325 °F"
      },
      "method": "Typical stress-rupture value printed in the Rolled Alloys data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Typical Stress-Rupture Strength table, row 1,000 Hours, 1200 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
        "year": 2011,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Hardness, solution annealed",
      "value": 250,
      "value_high": 355,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution annealed"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Smiths Metal Centres data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-a286",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Solution Annealed, Brinell HB column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, A-286 technical datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/stainless/ph/a-286.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, approximate testing (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "0.2% proof stress, solution annealed",
      "value": 720,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Smiths Metal Centres data sheet under 0.2% Proof Stress",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Smith Metal gives 720 N/mm2 for solution annealed material, against 275 MPa for solution treated material in the ATI datasheet. Both are kept here side by side.",
      "source": "smith-a286",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Solution Annealed, proof stress column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, A-286 technical datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/stainless/ph/a-286.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, approximate testing (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, solution annealed",
      "value": 1000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "N/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "treatment": "solution annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the Smiths Metal Centres data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "ATI gives 620 MPa tensile for material solution treated at 1800 °F. The Smith value is for a different heat treatment label and is kept side by side.",
      "source": "smith-a286",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Solution Annealed, tensile column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, A-286 technical datasheet",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/stainless/ph/a-286.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Distributor datasheet, approximate testing (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
      "label": "Charpy V-notch impact energy at -196 °C, aged",
      "value": 77,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-320 °F (-196 °C)",
        "test": "full size Charpy V-notch",
        "treatment": "solution treated at 1800 °F and aged at 1325 °F for 16 hours",
        "unit_in_source": "57 ft-lbs"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the ATI datasheet, Charpy V-Notch Impact Energy table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 6, Charpy V-Notch Impact Energy table, row -320 °F / -196 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Ultimate tensile strength at -423 °F, solution treated",
      "value": 168000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-423 °F (about -253 °C)",
        "treatment": "solution-treated A-286 bar, as the report describes its material"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in the text of the NASA-funded Martin report, section Tension Properties (the Figure 13 chart was not read)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "nasa-cr65-70",
      "where": "Printed page 84, Section 1 Tension Properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Martin Company, Determination of Low-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Structural Metal Alloys, report CR-65-70 (October 1965), prepared for NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660001322/downloads/19660001322.pdf",
        "year": 1965,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 70 °F, solution treated",
      "value": 46000,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "70 °F",
        "treatment": "solution treated A-286"
      },
      "method": "Value stated in the text of the NASA-funded Martin report, section Tension Properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "ATI gives 275 MPa (40,000 psi) for solution treated material at room temperature, so the two sources differ and are shown side by side.",
      "source": "nasa-cr65-70",
      "where": "Printed page 84, Section 1 Tension Properties",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Martin Company, Determination of Low-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Structural Metal Alloys, report CR-65-70 (October 1965), prepared for NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660001322/downloads/19660001322.pdf",
        "year": 1965,
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "public domain (NASA)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Boiling 10% sulfuric acid",
      "headline": "In boiling 10% sulfuric acid, A-286 corroded at 29.5 mils per year, against more than 500 mils per year for Type 304.",
      "effect": "ATI's typical corrosion-rate table gives 29.5 mils per year (0.75 mm/a) for the Altemp A286 column, tested solution treated, and more than 500 mils per year (over 12 mm/a) for Type 304.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "boiling solution, typical corrosion rate in mils per year (mm/a in brackets)",
        "treatment": "solution treated, per the datasheet footnote"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Typical Corrosion Rate table, row 10% Sulfuric Acid"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Boiling 1% hydrochloric acid",
      "headline": "In boiling 1% hydrochloric acid, A-286 corroded at 84.1 mils per year, against 107 mils per year for Type 304.",
      "effect": "ATI's typical corrosion-rate table gives 84.1 mils per year (2.14 mm/a) for A-286 and 107 mils per year (2.72 mm/a) for Type 304.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "boiling solution, typical corrosion rate in mils per year",
        "treatment": "solution treated, per the datasheet footnote"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Typical Corrosion Rate table, row 1% Hydrochloric Acid"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Boiling 20% phosphoric acid",
      "headline": "In boiling 20% phosphoric acid, A-286 corroded faster than Type 304, at 12.8 mils per year against 0.2 mils per year.",
      "effect": "ATI's typical corrosion-rate table gives 12.8 mils per year (0.33 mm/a) for A-286 and 0.2 mils per year (under 0.01 mm/a) for Type 304, so the austenitic stainless steel does better in this acid.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "boiling solution, typical corrosion rate in mils per year",
        "treatment": "solution treated, per the datasheet footnote"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 3, Typical Corrosion Rate table, row 20% Phosphoric Acid"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Boiling 42% magnesium chloride, U-bend stress test",
      "headline": "In the 42% magnesium chloride U-bend test, A-286 cracked after 168 hours, against 8 hours for Type 304 and 24 hours for Type 316.",
      "effect": "ATI reports cracks in its U-bend test in boiling 42% magnesium chloride after 168 hours for the Altemp A286 column, after 8 hours for Type 304 and after 24 hours for Type 316. Cracking in chloride solutions is therefore a real limit for this alloy.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "U-bend stressed specimen in 42% magnesium chloride",
        "treatment": "not stated for the Altemp column"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 2, Typical Performance table, row U-Bend Test in 42% Magnesium Chloride"
    },
    {
      "environment": "5% neutral salt spray and jet-engine atmosphere",
      "headline": "A-286 showed no rusting after 100 hours of 5% neutral salt spray and is excellent in jet-engine atmospheres to 1300 °F (704 °C).",
      "effect": "ATI reports no rusting after 100 hours of 5% neutral salt spray for the Altemp A286 column, and says its corrosion resistance to jet-engine atmospheres is excellent to at least 1300 °F (704 °C). Rolled Alloys says its aqueous corrosion resistance is comparable to 316 and 316L stainless steel.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "5% neutral salt spray, 100 hours",
        "basis": "datasheet statements; no exposure rate given for jet-engine atmospheres"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 2, Typical Performance table, row 5% Neutral Salt Spray; Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Air oxidation at high temperature",
      "headline": "A-286 oxidation resistance is high for continuous service to 1500 °F (816 °C) and intermittent service to 1800 °F (982 °C).",
      "effect": "ATI says oxidation resistance is high for continuous service up to 1500 °F (816 °C) and intermittent service up to 1800 °F (982 °C). Rolled Alloys gives the same continuous and intermittent limits, and Upmet says oxidation performance is comparable to Type 310 stainless steel through about 1500 °F (816 °C).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative datasheet statements; no oxidation rate given",
        "temperature": "continuous 816 °C, intermittent 982 °C"
      },
      "source": "ati-a286",
      "where": "Page 2, Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "NIST safety data sheet for SRM 1230, High-Temperature Alloy A286 (disk form), dated 12 July 2016: the disk is not classified as a physical or health hazard under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200, has no hazard pictograms, hazard statements or signal word, and needs no safety data sheet because it is an article under the exemption in 1910.1200(c). The sheet covers the disk form only; no producer safety data sheet for A-286 bar, sheet or forgings was found.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nist-srm1230-sds",
        "where": "Page 1, Product Identifier and Exemption 1910.1200 (c)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hot cracking in welds",
        "trigger": "Welding aged material or heavy sections",
        "consequence": "ATI says the alloy is susceptible to hot cracking, particularly in the aged condition, and heavy sections are more difficult to weld for the same reason.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 8, Welding and Brazing"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of titanium in welds",
        "trigger": "Welding by methods other than inert gas",
        "consequence": "ATI says inert gas methods must be used to prevent loss of titanium, which is important for the strength that develops on aging.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 8, Welding and Brazing"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Creep and stress rupture at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Sustained stress at elevated temperature",
        "consequence": "ATI says creep and stress-rupture properties, rather than short-time tensile properties, are the limiting design criteria for elevated-temperature service.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 7, Creep and Stress Rupture Properties"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Rapid work hardening during forming",
        "trigger": "Cold forming or deep drawing without intermediate anneals",
        "consequence": "Smith Metal says the alloy works harden rapidly and may need intermediate annealing in deep drawing or intricate forming. ATI says intermediate anneals at 1800 °F (982 °C) soften material when the deformation is extensive.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 7, Formability; Smiths Metal Centres data sheet, Formability"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Age at 1325 °F (718 °C) for 16 hours and air cool after solution treatment, which develops the high strength of the alloy (ATI). Solution treat at 1650 °F (899 °C) for finer grain or 1800 °F (982 °C) for better creep strength.",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 8, Heat Treatment"
      },
      {
        "text": "Form and weld in the solution-treated condition. ATI says the soft solution-treated material is gummy to machine, so it is machined after aging or overaging, or after cold work.",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 8, Welding and Brazing; Page 9, Machining"
      },
      {
        "text": "After heat treatment, loosen the tight oxide film in a reducing, oxidising or fused salt bath, then pickle in warm sulfuric and then nitric-hydrofluoric acid baths (ATI).",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 9, Descaling and Pickling"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use the same techniques and equipment as for 18-8 stainless steels when machining (ATI).",
        "source": "ati-a286",
        "where": "Page 9, Machining"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Bolts, screws and high-temperature fasteners",
      "example": "Rolled Alloys lists high temperature fasteners as an application, Smiths Metal Centres lists screws, and Upmet lists bolts and fasteners.",
      "source": "rolled-a286",
      "where": "Features and Applications table, Applications list (jet engine components, high temperature fasteners, springs); see also the Smiths and Upmet application lists"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Jet engine blades, turbine wheels and afterburner parts",
      "example": "Smiths Metal Centres lists aerospace, gas turbines, jet engine blades, afterburner parts, exhaust parts and turbine wheels as typical applications.",
      "source": "smith-a286",
      "where": "Typical Applications list on page 1"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Springs",
      "example": "Combined Metals lists springs and non-magnetic cryogenic equipment as applications for Incoloy A-286 strip, and Rolled Alloys lists springs.",
      "source": "combmet-a286",
      "where": "Description, Applications include list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Non-magnetic cryogenic structural parts",
      "example": "ATI says the alloy keeps high strength and ductility for low-temperature use down to -320 °F (-196 °C) and is non-magnetic. A 1965 NASA-funded Martin report found its solution-treated tensile strength rises from 90,000 psi at room temperature to 168,000 psi at -423 °F.",
      "source": "nasa-cr65-70",
      "where": "Printed page 84, Section 1 Tension Properties; ATI Introduction paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (about 24 to 27 wt% of A-286)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000 t, Philippines 270,000 t and Russia 200,000 t). Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium (13.5 to 16.0 wt% of A-286)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts accounted for 21% of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel or in superalloys, the major strategic end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 t, rounded; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from South Africa 23,000 t, Turkey 9,000 t and Kazakhstan 7,000 t). Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "title": "United Performance Metals, Alloy A286 datasheet (AMS 5525, 5731, 5732, 5737, 5858)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/a286-datasheet.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, A-286 technical datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/stainless/ph/a-286.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combined Metals), Incoloy alloy A-286 strip products datasheet (rev 8/26/2020)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-A286-Nickel-Alloy.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Martin Company, Determination of Low-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Structural Metal Alloys, report CR-65-70 for NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (October 1965)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660001322/downloads/19660001322.pdf",
      "year": 1965
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Chromium (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Safety Data Sheet, Standard Reference Material 1230, High-Temperature Alloy A286 (disk form), dated 12 July 2016",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/srmext/MSDS/1230-MSDS.pdf",
      "year": 2016
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "The only A-286 safety data sheet found is NIST's for the SRM 1230 disk form, which is not classified as a hazard under OSHA (see risks.hazards). No producer sheet for bar, sheet or forgings, and no PubChem or GHS record for the alloy, was found in this run, so the classification may not carry over to other forms.",
    "No AISI number was found for A-286 in any source read in this run, so none is listed. The EN name (the X5NiCrTiMoVB25-15-2 style name) was printed only on a supplier marketing page that was not fetched as a datasheet, so it is left out.",
    "Stress-rupture data beyond 1000 h and the ATI creep and tensile charts were images and were not read. Only the printed table values are used.",
    "Hardness (hardness_brinell), charpy_impact_energy, stress_rupture_1000h and magnetic_permeability are not in the canonical property list, so they use short names as allowed by the brief.",
    "The sources disagree on solution-treated strength: ATI gives 275 MPa (40,000 psi) yield and 620 MPa (90,000 psi) tensile, the NASA 1965 report gives 46,000 psi yield and 90,000 psi tensile at room temperature, and Smith Metal gives 720 N/mm2 proof stress and 1000 N/mm2 tensile for solution annealed material. All are kept side by side and none is reconciled.",
    "The ATI corrosion table prints the 316 result for 10% sulfuric acid as 636 mils per year with 5.74 mm/a, which repeats the 1% hydrochloric acid mm/a value. The 316 figure is therefore not used.",
    "The Smith Metal elongation figure is printed with an N/mm2 header, so it is not used. The Upmet and Combined Metals datasheets give no melting range.",
    "The USGS summaries read do not print a critical-mineral list status for nickel or chromium in the text read, so no critical_lists entry is given.",
    "No A-286 atomic oxygen, outgassing, radiation or flight-test data were found in any source read in this run. The cryogenic tensile value is from a 1965 solution-treated test, not from a spacecraft qualification.",
    "The 1965 NASA report and the datasheets describe typical values for specific forms, not design allowables."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "A-286 is an iron-nickel-chromium alloy that is age hardened and non-magnetic, and that keeps strength to cryogenic temperatures. ATI gives its density as 7.92 g/cm3 solution treated and a melting range of 1370 to 1430 °C. Rolled Alloys gives a 1000 h stress-rupture strength of 88 ksi at 538 °C and 46 ksi at 649 °C. Smiths Metal Centres, Rolled Alloys and Combined Metals list jet engine parts, fasteners and springs among its uses.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Fasteners and screws",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys lists high temperature fasteners, and Smiths Metal Centres lists screws and Upmet lists bolts among its applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Jet engine parts",
        "line": "Smiths Metal Centres lists jet engine blades, afterburner parts and turbine wheels as typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Springs",
        "line": "Combined Metals and Rolled Alloys both list springs among its applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Cryogenic structures",
        "line": "ATI describes non-magnetic use down to -196 °C, and a 1965 NASA-funded test report measured a tensile strength of 168000 psi at -423 °F for solution-treated material."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Hold stress when hot",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys gives a typical 1000 h stress-rupture strength of 46 ksi at 1200 °F (649 °C) and 88 ksi at 1000 °F (538 °C).",
        "benchmark": "stress_rupture_1000h",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "46 ksi at 649 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength when cold",
        "line": "The 1965 NASA-funded Martin report gives a tensile strength of 168,000 psi at -423 °F for solution-treated material, up from 90,000 psi at room temperature.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "168000 psi at -423 °F"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "ATI gives a density of 7.92 g/cm3 solution treated and 7.94 g/cm3 solution treated and aged.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.92 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "ATI gives a dynamic modulus of elasticity of 201 GPa at 24 °C and 130 GPa at 871 °C.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "201 GPa at 24 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Aged sheet strength",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys gives a representative tensile strength of 145 ksi at 70 °F for aged AMS 5732 sheet.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "145 ksi tensile"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "ATI says the aqueous corrosion resistance of A-286 is comparable to the austenitic stainless steels, and Rolled Alloys says comparable to 316 and 316L. In ATI's typical corrosion-rate table, A-286 corroded less than Type 304 in boiling 10% sulfuric acid and boiling 1% hydrochloric acid, and more than Type 304 in boiling 20% phosphoric acid. The rows below show density, elastic modulus and thermal expansion from the sources read here. The sources cover different heat treatments, so read the rows as examples, not as a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Solution treat, then age at 1325 °F (718 °C) for 16 hours and air cool.",
      "Form and machine in the solution-treated condition, or after aging, because the soft material is gummy to machine.",
      "Weld by inert gas methods to protect the titanium, and weld in the solution-treated condition where possible.",
      "Pickle after heat treatment in sulfuric and nitric-hydrofluoric acid baths, as ATI describes."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Fasteners and springs that need high strength and non-magnetic behaviour: 85 ksi minimum yield strength for Grade 660 Class B (Rolled Alloys).",
      "Cryogenic structures: 77 J Charpy V-notch impact energy at -196 °C in the aged condition (ATI).",
      "Jet engine hardware in air to about 704 °C: excellent corrosion resistance in jet engine atmospheres to 1300 °F (ATI)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Welding: the alloy is susceptible to hot cracking, especially when aged, and needs inert gas methods to protect the titanium (ATI).",
      "Stress rupture: at 649 °C the 1000 h stress-rupture strength is 46 ksi, so high-stress parts need the stress-rupture data, not the room-temperature strength (Rolled Alloys).",
      "Chloride cracking: in the boiling 42% magnesium chloride U-bend test, A-286 cracked after 168 hours (ATI).",
      "The sources disagree on solution-treated strength (275 MPa and 620 MPa from ATI; 720 and 1000 N/mm2 from Smiths Metal Centres). Check the heat-treatment condition before design use.",
      "No producer safety data sheet for bar or sheet, flight test or spacecraft qualification data were found in this run; the NIST sheet covers the disk form only."
    ],
    "verdict": "A-286 is an age-hardened iron-nickel-chromium superalloy with a density of 7.92 g/cm3 solution treated, a melting range of 1370 to 1430 °C, and a 1000 h stress-rupture strength of 46 ksi at 649 °C. It stays ductile and non-magnetic to cryogenic temperatures, and it is used for fasteners, springs and jet engine parts. The only safety sheet read is NIST's for the disk form, which is not classified under OSHA, and the sources read here give no spacecraft qualification data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "A-286 is an iron-base alloy made to a limiting composition in weight percent, with nickel, chromium, titanium and molybdenum as the main alloying elements. ATI says it can be produced by AOD refining or vacuum induction melting, and that vacuum arc or electroslag remelting may be used to refine it further. Titanium and aluminium give the age hardening.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The base metal and the balance of the composition in every limit table read."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Austenite-forming element in the limits; ATI calls the alloy an austenitic alloy.",
          "share_percent": 24,
          "share_high": 27
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "ATI says chromium, nickel and molybdenum give aqueous corrosion resistance comparable to austenitic stainless steels.",
          "share_percent": 13.5,
          "share_high": 16
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Age-hardening element; ATI says strength develops on aging and needs inert gas welding to avoid losing titanium.",
          "share_percent": 1.9,
          "share_high": 2.35
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Listed alloying element in the limits; the sources read give no separate role.",
          "share_percent": 1,
          "share_high": 1.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Vanadium",
          "symbol": "V",
          "role": "Listed alloying element in the limits; the sources read give no separate role.",
          "share_percent": 0.1,
          "share_high": 0.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Maximum limit only; works with titanium in age hardening, per the ATI aging description.",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.35
        },
        {
          "name": "Boron",
          "symbol": "B",
          "role": "Listed limiting element; the sources read give no separate role.",
          "share_percent": 0.003,
          "share_high": 0.01
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The only A-286 safety sheet read is NIST's for the disk form, which is not classified as a hazard under OSHA. No producer sheet for bar or sheet was found. The sources read also name processing hazards.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Acid pickling",
            "line": "ATI says the oxide film after heat treatment is removed by pickling in warm sulfuric acid and then nitric-hydrofluoric acid baths, so those acids are part of the handling."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Not classified for the disk form"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are welding cracks, loss of strength at high temperature and rapid work hardening.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Weld cracking",
            "line": "ATI says the alloy is susceptible to hot cracking, particularly in the aged condition, and heavy sections are harder to weld."
          },
          {
            "label": "Stress rupture",
            "line": "ATI says creep and stress-rupture strength, not short-time tensile strength, limit the alloy at elevated temperature."
          },
          {
            "label": "Work hardening",
            "line": "Smith Metal says the alloy work hardens rapidly, so intermediate annealing may be needed in deep drawing or intricate forming."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment order",
            "line": "Solution treat, then age at 1325 °F (718 °C) for 16 hours and air cool, as ATI describes."
          },
          {
            "label": "Machining",
            "line": "ATI says the soft solution-treated material is gummy, so it is machined after aging or after cold work."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 28,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext). The ATI tensile, creep and CTE charts are images and were not read. Caveats: the datasheets disagree on solution-treated strength; the NASA report is from 1965 and covers solution-treated material; the Smith Metal elongation unit is printed wrongly; a NIST safety sheet for the A286 disk form was found and classifies it as not hazardous under OSHA; no producer sheet for bar, sheet or forgings was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ati-a286": {
      "title": "ATI A286 Iron-Based Superalloy (UNS S66286) Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (4/17/2012)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/nickel-cobalt/nickel-based/ati_286_ludlum_version_tds_en_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, typical data for information (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "rolled-a286": {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys A-286 Alloy data sheet, Bulletin No. 1286",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/A-286_Data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf",
      "year": 2011,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical data (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "upmet-a286": {
      "title": "United Performance Metals, Alloy A286 datasheet (AMS 5525, 5731, 5732, 5737, 5858)",
      "url": "https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/a286-datasheet.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, technical data for information only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "smith-a286": {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres, A-286 technical datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/stainless/ph/a-286.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, approximate testing (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "combmet-a286": {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combined Metals), Incoloy alloy A-286 strip products datasheet, UNS S66286, W. Nr 1.4980 (rev 8/26/2020)",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-A286-Nickel-Alloy.pdf",
      "year": 2020,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor datasheet, typical values (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "nasa-cr65-70": {
      "title": "Martin Company, Determination of Low-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Structural Metal Alloys, report CR-65-70 (October 1965), prepared for NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660001322/downloads/19660001322.pdf",
      "year": 1965,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "nist-srm1230-sds": {
      "title": "NIST Safety Data Sheet, Standard Reference Material 1230, High-Temperature Alloy A286 (disk form), dated 12 July 2016",
      "url": "https://tsapps.nist.gov/srmext/MSDS/1230-MSDS.pdf",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "U.S. government document (NIST), linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/a286/"
}